地膜覆盖对棉枯萎病发生的影响

地膜覆盖显著降低了棉花枯萎病的发病率与病情指数，极显著地提高了棉花的产量。     

Deep Freezing of Boar Semen Packaged in Plastic Bags and Straws

For practical reasons, a large volume (i.e. 5 ml) of frozen boar semen per insemination dose is desirable, but successful freezing has not been achieved, since optimal cooling rates have not yet been established. Post-thaw motility and the acrosome intep'ty of semen from four boars frozen with a programmable freezin machine, in mini-(0.25 ml), maxi-(5 ml) plastic straws and in 10 × 5 cm PVC- or Teflon FEP-plastic bags (0.35 – 0.12 mm thick, 5 ml) was studied. The freezing of the semen was monitored using thermocouples placed in the straws and the bags. The freezing curve started from +5°C, at a rate of −3°C/min, to – 6°C, it was held for 1 min at −6°C, and was followed by further drop to −100°C at a rate of −20°C/min, with subsequent storage in LN₂. The bags had a much shorter freezing point plnteau, compared to the maxi-straws. Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher when semen was frozen in mini-straws or in bags than in maxi-straws. The freezing procedure did not cause major acrosomal damages, significantly more normal apical ridges being present in the bags and mini-straws than in the maxi-straws. This in vitro evaluation indicates that the freezing method employed is satisfactory for freezing large volumes of boar semen into plastic bags .     

Effects of Two Underseed Species, Medicago polymorpha L. and Scorpiurus muricatus L., on the Yield of Main Crop (Durum Wheat) and Subsequent Crop (Teff) Under Humid Moisture Regimes in Ethiopia

Mixed cropping of leguminous underseed species and cereal crops may increase productivity and serve some additional purposes. Two leguminous weed species which are widely distributed in annual crops of the Ethiopian highlands have been studied with varying coverage in greenhouse trials in Ethiopia with regard to their suitability as underseeds and with wheat ( Triticum turgidum [L.] Thell. var. durum [Desf.] MacKey) as a main crop. The competitive effects of Scorpiurus muricatus L. on the grain yield of wheat were smaller than those of Medicago polymorpha L. (-14.1 % and -23.6 % respectively, compared with the underseed free control) which is mainly ascribed to differences in their speed of development and shoot height. The residual effects of the underseed's root masses on the grain yield of the successive teff crop (Eragrostis tef [Zucc] Trotter) were significantly higher with Scorpiurus muricatus (+99.3 %) than with Medicago polymorpha (+63.6 %). The results are discussed with regard to the specific site conditions in the cereal-dominated cropping systems of the Ethiopian highlands.     

罗氏沼虾养殖塘草甘膦残留特征及生态风险评估

为了解罗氏沼虾养殖环境中草甘膦除草剂的残留特征及其生态风险,于2019年5月至10月,对上海市金山区三口罗氏沼虾养殖塘养殖水、沉积物及塘埂土样品中草甘膦的浓度进行监测,并采用商值法对养殖水和沉积物中草甘膦的生态风险进行评估。结果显示：养殖周期内,养殖塘水中草甘膦的检出率为46.7%,最大残留值为57 μg/L;虾塘沉积物及塘埂土中草甘膦的检出率分别为83.3%和77.8%,最大残留值分别为1149 μg/kg和5057 μg/kg。生态风险评估结果显示,养殖周期内养殖水中残留草甘膦对所选敏感生物的生态风险等级主要为无明显风险和中等风险,沉积物中残留草甘膦对所选敏感生物的生态风险等级主要为中等风险和低风险。研究表明,金山区罗氏沼虾养殖环境中草甘膦的残留水平与国内外其他地区相比处于中等水平,主要来源为塘埂除草时草甘膦除草剂的使用,养殖塘水及沉积物中残留草甘膦对罗氏沼虾养殖存在潜在风险。     

滴灌下氮盐交互对加工番茄荧光特性及产量品质的影响

【目的】新疆有着全中国最大面积的盐碱地和加工番茄的种植基地。在新疆开展两年试验以研究加工番茄在氮盐交互下生长、生理、产量和品质的变化规律,获得适宜新疆盐碱地种植加工番茄的合理施氮量和土壤盐分范围,为新疆扩大加工番茄种植面积和合理施氮提供科学的理论依据及技术途径。【方法】试验于2017和2018年在石河子大学现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验基地进行,以当地主栽品种3166为试验材料,2017年试验共设置4个土壤含盐量水平:1.5、4.0、7.0和10.0 g·kg^-1及4个氮素水平:201、166、131和96 kg·hm^-2,2018年在2017年的基础上去除10.0 g·kg^-1的土壤含盐量,增加5.0 g·kg^-1的土壤含盐量和不施氮量处理。试验测定和分析加工番茄的荧光叶绿素参数、产量和品质指标。【结果】在氮盐交互下,加工番茄荧光参数及产量等指标均呈现出复杂的变化规律。绝大多数的荧光参数及产量受土壤盐分的主导作用较氮素强,在同等氮素水平下,7.0 g·kg^-1和10.0g·kg     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。     

干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究

通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度试验,得出了适合当地的常规滴灌制度。为进一步研究浅层地下水对灌溉的补偿效应,利用Hydrus软件对不同地下水埋深下膜下滴灌棉花生育期耗水量进行了模拟。通过引入关键点土壤含水率的概念,提出了膜下滴灌棉花受水分胁迫的标准。结果表明：地下水对棉花的耗水具有一定的补偿作用,地下水埋深越浅,则所需的灌溉定额越小。当地下水埋深小于1.5 m时,滴灌定额为3 300 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,滴灌定额为4 500 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深很大而对作物根区没有补给时,棉花完全依赖于灌溉所需的滴灌定额则为5 550 m³·hm^-2。考虑到干旱区内具有较高的潜在蒸发势,会导致土壤的次生盐渍化,从而危及作物的生长,1.5～3.0 m的地下水埋深是灌区内较理想的水位区间。     

膜下滴灌棉田生物改良盐碱地效果研究

通过在膜下滴灌棉田间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)、孜然(Ⅱ)和碱蓬(Ⅲ),并以未间作的处理作为对照(CK),研究不同盐生植物改良盐碱地的效果。结果表明：间作盐生植物的棉田在生育期内可以达到保水和抑制盐分累积的效果,土壤含水量峰值基本保持在40 cm深度,其中以间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)和孜然(Ⅱ)的保水效果较好,在0～40 cm深度范围土壤含水量与对照组相比分别提升了29.80%和14.49%;间作苜蓿(Ⅰ)和孜然(Ⅱ)的处理抑制盐分累积的效果也较好,在0～40 cm深度范围抑盐率分别为125%和70.38%。同时,通过在膜间种植盐生植物,棉花的株高、茎粗和干物质量均有一定程度的增加,籽棉产量也有相应的提升,其中以间作孜然和苜蓿的处理提升较多,分别比对照组提升10.45%和7.74%。由此可见,膜下滴灌棉田间作盐生植物是一种有效的盐碱地改良措施,而盐生植物的选择对改良的效果影响较大,综合试验结果对比,间作孜然和间作苜蓿的生物改良措施效果较好。     

黄土丘陵区垄沟改良措施对玉米水分利用效率的影响

选择延安地区作为黄土丘陵区的代表,在延安地区应用地膜、液态地膜、保水剂、PAM(土壤改良剂)和间作套种措施优化大垄沟种植方式种植玉米,分析了不同优化措施种植玉米的水分利用效率。结果表明,地膜、保水剂、PAM和间作方式有利于大垄沟较好地保持土壤水分,其保水能力分别比平种高出17.4%、8.5%、11.6%、5.3%;液态地膜、地膜、间作和PAM表现出很好的增产效果,其产量分别比平种高出77.7%、72.0%、64.1%、30.8%。     

甘薯长喙壳菌产生芳香性气体物质研究进展

根据国内外相关文献报道及作者的研究实践,评述了甘薯长喙壳菌（Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. et Halst.）及其产生芳香性气体物质的组成、影响因素、收集检测方法和应用价值;比较了芳香性气体物质几种收集方法的优劣和技术难点;分析了甘薯长喙壳菌产生芳香性气体物质特征在天然香味物质获取新途径、农作物废料再利用和作物病害防治方面的潜在应用前景;提出了围绕甘薯长喙壳菌的生物学特性开展系统研究,加速开展芳香性气体物质收集方法的筛选、组分分析及其生物学效应为主的应用基础和应用技术综合研究的建议