稀土元素示踪法探究坡面侵蚀进展与热点——基于CiteSpace计量分析

稀土元素示踪法从上世纪90年代开始逐渐被相关学者重视,并在坡面土壤侵蚀的研究中得到越来越广泛的应用。笔者采用CiteSpace软件和文献计量学方法,以Web of Science数据库核心合集和中国知网(CNKI)数据库核心期刊为数据源,分析了近30年国内外稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀研究的发展历程。研究发现:①总体而言,国内稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀中的应用在理论和实践层面已经从初步探索走向了成熟;②随着研究的深入,稀土元素示踪法的研究与相关学科交叉更加密切,并在微观探索和宏观调控方面取得一定进展;③未来发展趋势来看,宏观方面趋向和生态系统、气候变化等互相作用机理的研究,微观方向趋向对团聚体等微观颗粒的迁移研究;④在国际相关研究方面,对于稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀的应用从多个方面和角度做了大量的研究,我国的相关研究相较于国外顶尖水平的研究仍存在一定差距。     

基于GIS的福建省将乐县土壤侵蚀及保持定量分析

【目的】对福建省将乐县土壤侵蚀及保持量现状进行定量分析,为该地区制定森林经营方案及水土保持工作提供依据。【方法】以福建省将乐县为研究区,首先建立降雨侵蚀力因子(R)图层、土壤可蚀性因子(K)图层、坡长坡度因子(LS)图层,然后依据实际土地覆盖类型和植被覆盖度构建植被覆盖或作物管理因子(C)图层和水土保持措施因子(P)图层。基于地理信息系统(GIS)和修正的土壤通用侵蚀方程(RUSLE)估算土壤侵蚀量和保持量,定量分析坡度(0°,90°)、土地覆盖类型与土壤侵蚀强度之间的相关关系。【结果】2015年研究区的现实侵蚀量为42.64×10~4t/年,平均土壤侵蚀模数为189.07t/(km~2·年)。从6种土壤侵蚀类型来看,微度侵蚀面积占研究区总面积的88.31%,轻度侵蚀面积占10.36%,中度侵蚀面积占1.13%,这3种侵蚀类型的侵蚀量占侵蚀总量的比例分别为12.43%,60.44%和19.79%;强度、极强度、剧烈侵蚀面积及侵蚀量所占比例均较小。各侵蚀等级在研究区内的空间分布较为均匀,总体来说中部、北部地区侵蚀量较大。7个坡度带中,土壤侵蚀量所占比例较大的是[15°,25°)、[8°,15°)和[25°,35°)坡度带,其面积所占比例分别为35.63%,23.95%和17.53%,侵蚀量所占比例分别为44.68%,24.63%和20.90%。研究区年均土壤保持量为6.98×10~6 t,每km~2土壤保持量为3 099.36t/年;有林地和稀疏植被的每km~2土壤保持量均较高,分别为3 773.58和22 254.39t/年,明显高于其他土地覆盖类型。【结论】将乐县微度侵蚀面积所占比例最大,轻度侵蚀的侵蚀量所占比例最大;森林和稀疏植被对将乐县的土壤保持量贡献最大,进行皆伐作业设计时应该尽量减小皆伐面积。     

Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

基于原型网络的小样本禽蛋图像特征检测方法

机器视觉因具有检测速度快、稳定性高及成本低等优点，已发展成为禽蛋无损检测领域主流检测手段。使用该技术对禽蛋进行无损检测时，需要依赖大量禽蛋图像作为数据支撑才能取得较好的检测效果。由于养殖安全等限制，禽蛋图像数据的采集成本较高，针对该问题，提出了一种适应于小样本禽蛋图像检测的原型网络（Prototypical network）。该网络利用引入注意力机制的逆残差结构搭建的卷积神经网络将不同类别的禽蛋图像映射至嵌入空间，并利用欧氏距离度量测试禽蛋图像在嵌入空间的类别，从而完成禽蛋图像的分类。本文利用该网络分别验证了小样本条件下受精蛋与无精蛋、双黄蛋与单黄蛋及裂纹蛋与正常蛋的分类检测效果，其检测精度分别为95%、98%、88%。试验结果表明本文方法能够有效地解决禽蛋图像检测中样本不足的问题，为禽蛋图像无损检测研究提供了新的思路。     

土壤管理措施对坡耕地侵蚀退化耕层的恢复作用

【目的】紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重,研究土壤管理措施对不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层侵蚀恢复作用,为紫色土坡耕地耕层质量调控和坡耕地持续利用提供理论及实践依据。【方法】采用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）检验各指标的差异显著性,研究不施肥（CK）、施化肥（F）、施生物炭+化肥（BF）3种土壤管理措施对侵蚀0 cm（S_-0）、侵蚀5 cm（S_-5）、侵蚀10 cm（S_-10）、侵蚀15 cm（S_-15）、侵蚀20 cm（S_-20） 5个不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤属性的恢复作用。【结果】（1）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤砂粒含量由38.1%—42.4%逐渐增至44.2%—46.4%,土壤黏粒含量由12.6%—14.8%逐渐减少至9.6%—11.0%;与S_-0、S_-5、S_-10相比,S_-15、S_-20土壤容重显著增大;S_-10侵蚀程度下,土壤抗剪强度最大,在8.71—9.56 kg·cm^-2之间;F、BF处理下S_-15侵蚀程度的土壤稳定入渗率、平均入渗率降幅均最大。（2）不同管理措施下坡耕地耕层土壤属性差异显著,BF处理下土壤砂粒含量小、黏粒含量最大,0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层土壤容重显著低于CK（P<0.05）,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均显著高于CK、F处理;BF处理下土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率均最大,CK处理最小;与CK处理相比,BF处理土壤抗剪强度显著增大。（3）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤可蚀性K值显著下降,与S_-0相比,S_-20侵蚀程度下土壤可蚀性K值下降0.1960%—0.2192%;BF处理下土壤可蚀性K值最大,F处理次之,CK最小;S_-10侵蚀程度下F、BF处理的K值均较CK增加幅度最大,分别增加0.0684%、0.1404%。【结论】施加生物炭+化肥在改善土壤物质组成、结构特征、提高土壤蓄渗性能等方面较单施化肥效果更为显著,可有效减轻紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤侵蚀,对侵蚀10 cm条件下的坡耕地耕作层（0—20 cm）土壤的改良效果最佳。     

基于137Cs的新疆准东地区不同土地利用类型 土壤风蚀特征研究

风力侵蚀是准东干旱与半干旱地区土地沙漠化的关键因素,通过野外考察和土壤~(137)Cs取样分析,对准东地区不同土地利用类型下土壤~(137)Cs分布特征及风力侵蚀进行了初步研究。研究表明,不同土地利用类型土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征不同,~(137)Cs基本分布在0~20 cm,甚至更浅,~(137)Cs活度值介于0~65.50 Bq/kg;各样点~(137)Cs总量介于0~1 698.29Bq/m~2,其中背景值为1 698.29 Bq/m~2,不同地类~(137)Cs总量排序为:低平地草甸(背景值样点)灌丛沙堆荒漠草地砾石戈壁盐碱地耕地固定沙地半固定沙地风蚀裸地;估算出耕地和非耕地各样点的风蚀速率,耕地平均风蚀速率为744.50 t/(km~2·a),非耕地风蚀速率介于945.06~4 404.01 t/(km~2·a)之间,平均值为2 589.96 t/(km~2·a)。     

喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应

为探究喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式下水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应,对喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式(水保林、耕地、自然草地、裸地、经果林)坡面场次降雨的水土流失和磷素输出进行了分析。结果表明:5种土地利用方式的径流系数由大到小整体表现为裸地自然草地耕地水保林经果林,而单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量整体表现为耕地裸地经果林水保林自然草地。其中耕地和裸地在大雨量、高强度降雨事件的影响下径流系数、单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量急剧增大。雨强是影响水土流失、磷素输出的重要因素,可以很好地拟合水土流失量。径流中磷素输出以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,占总磷(TP)的比例介于75.47%~97.91%之间。降雨引起的耕地径流[0.73 mg·L-1ρ(TP)2.49 mg·L-1]、裸地径流[0.10 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.50 mg·L-1]和经果林径流[0.13 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.46 mg·L-1]磷输出对受纳水体磷的含量有增加的风险,而自然草地径流[0.03 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.09mg·L-1]影响较小。坡面水土流失和磷素输出与降雨过程、土地利用方式关系密切,可以通过优化土地利用结构、减少人为扰动有效防治水土流失,减轻流域面源污染。     

Are all three components of conservation agriculture necessary for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna?

ABSTRACT

Conservation agriculture (CA) as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations consists of three components: minimum soil disturbance, soil cover, and crop rotation/association. CA was expected to become an effective countermeasure against water erosion in the Sudan Savanna, but it has not been adopted by local smallholder farmers. As markets for grain legumes (including cowpea) have not been developed in the Sudan Savanna, crop rotation/association should be considered impractical for these farmers. Therefore, we examined whether legume intercropping as a crop rotation/association component is necessary for preventing soil erosion in the Sudan Savanna. Three-year field experiments were conducted in runoff plots at Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research Saria station. The four treatments were conventional practice (full tillage, no sorghum residue mulching, and no intercropping), two-component CA (minimum tillage (MT) and sorghum residue mulching without intercropping), and three-component CA with velvet bean (VB) or pigeon pea (PP) intercropping. It was revealed that: (1) MT and sorghum residue mulching (without intercropping) effectively reduced the annual soil loss by 54% mainly due to the improvement of soil permeability by the boring of termites and wolf spiders found under the sorghum stover mulch; (2) intercropping in combination with MT and crop residue mulching had no effect on soil erosion control mainly because: (a) PP did not survive the long dry season; (b) VB did not serve effectively as a cover crop since soil loss was concentrated at the beginning of the rainy season when VB was still too small; (c) unexpectedly, in combination with MT and crop residue mulching, intercropping with VB did not increase mulch biomass, especially sorghum biomass which prompts the boring of termites and wolf spiders. These results demonstrate that the third component of CA, namely legume intercropping, is not always necessary; rather, the two remaining components – minimum soil disturbance and soil cover – are sufficient for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna. This finding lightens the burden of adopting CA and thus facilitates its future promotion to the smallholder farmers in the Sudan Savanna.     

南岭森林的土壤保持功能

南岭山地是国家25个重点生态功能区之一，但其土壤保持功能较弱。本文以南岭国家级自然保护区及其周边地区为例，分析气候、土壤、地形、植被、人类活动等因素对土壤保持的影响。研究发现，该区域兼有水力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀；大东山花岗岩风化的南岭土壤易受流水侵蚀；山体高差较大、坡度较陡且水系发育，导致水流冲刷能力极强；因此该地非常容易诱发水土流失。而不合理的人类活动，已对局部造成严重的水土流失。保护区森林植被的水土保持生态效益，保存了原本易受侵蚀的南岭土壤，实现了南岭的生态功能和价值。因此，南岭的森林植被是控制水土流失的决定性因素，也是实现土壤保持功能最核心的因子。