硅对水稻生长的影响及其缓解镉毒害机理研究进展

为研发高效硅肥和防治农田镉污染提供借鉴资料,本文综述了施加硅肥对水稻生长发育的影响,包括提高水稻产量和品质,增强抗倒伏、抗病虫害及干旱等逆境的能力,尤其是增强抗镉毒害等能力。并从生理学机制和土壤学机制两方面重点分析了施加硅肥对缓解镉毒害作用的可能机理。生理学机制方面：硅通过参与水稻的生理代谢活动,使水稻抗氧化系统酶的活性和清除自由基的能力增强;抑制镉的吸收及其在水稻体内的运输;硅与镉在水稻体内的螯合和区隔作用。土壤学机制方面：硅肥改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤中有效态镉的含量;硅镉吸附沉淀作用,减少水稻对镉吸收。最后针对硅肥的开发利用及技术推广提出展望。     

保水剂底施对沙子剖面水分和硝态氮运移的影响研究

【目的】解决沙土地区漏水漏肥的核心问题,建立保水防渗漏新技术体系,促进沙土地区农业可持续发展。【方法】基于保水剂的吸水保肥等物理化学特点,以保水剂和土壤混合物底施为技术方法,选用聚丙烯酸钠和壤土为材料,采用沙柱模拟试验,研究了不同施用厚度的保水剂-土壤混合物对剖面水分运移及硝态氮淋洗的影响。【结果】聚丙烯酸钠在壤土中的质量分数为1%时,可以对水分有效截流;混合物底施,以0.9～1.5 cm厚度为最佳;淋溶试验表明硝态氮主要集中在表层和保水剂层,占比为87.2%,有效防止了硝态氮的下移。【结论】保水剂壤土混合物底施,可以起到显著的水分养分截流作用,本试验中聚丙烯酸钠质量分数1%及1 cm厚度时,可获得较好效果。     

Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet program in Nigeria

The amount of improved seed used in Nigeria is extremely low. Overall, only 5–10% of cultivated land is planted with improved seeds, and about 10% of rural farmers use improved varieties. The objective of this investigation was to identify determinants of adoption of improved seed by farmers not participating in and those participating in the federal government’s e-wallet program in Nigeria. We determined the impact of the e-wallet program on adoption of improved seed in rural areas. A total of 1200 rural farmers were sampled across six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results from the use of a bivariate probit model indicated that the e-wallet program continued to become increasingly popular among rural farmers; and that farmers’ literacy, ownership of a mobile phone, value output, mobile network coverage, power for charging phone batteries and contact with extension agents were the positive determinants of farmer participation in the e-wallet program. Cultural obstacles to married women, growers’ age, and increased distance to registration and input collection centers reduced farmers’ tendency to participate in the e-wallet program. The results also showed that rural farmers depended on the e-wallet program for increased use and adoption of improved seed in Nigeria, to boost food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggested the need for an improved e-wallet model by lessening constraints mostly associated with rural information and communication infrastructure, and distance to the registration and input collection centers.     

3种植物对镉污染土壤修复的试验研究

为探究植物修复技术在济源镉(Cd)污染土壤的应用特征和效果,笔者以不同Cd污染程度的实际土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,对比三叶鬼针草、黑麦和印度芥菜对Cd的耐受、富集、转移能力及修复效率。结果表明:污染组植物的生物量无显著下降,供试植物均具有较强的Cd耐性。3类植物富集特征不同,地上部分富集Cd浓度顺序依次是:三叶鬼针草印度芥菜黑麦。3种植物中黑麦地下部分Cd含量最高,轻、重度污染组的Cd含量分别达到11.95、28.56 mg/L。三叶鬼针草对Cd具有较强的转移能力,其中在轻度污染土壤中转移系数(TF=2.23)最大。此外,三叶鬼针草修复效率最高,轻、重度污染组分别为2.04%、1.59%。综上所述,三叶鬼针草的生物量、富集转运系数和修复效率均高于黑麦和印度芥菜。因此,三叶鬼针草可作为济源Cd污染土壤修复植物之一,为当地土壤Cd污染治理提供理论参考和技术依据。     

广西某铅锌矿影响区农田土壤重金属污染特征及修复策略

为了解铅锌矿影响区农田土壤重金属分布特征及探究污染农田的修复措施,以广西某铅锌矿影响区为研究对象,分别采集影响区自然土壤和农田耕作层土壤样品41个和277个,同时分别采集62个蔬菜和35个粮食样品,分析重金属含量。结果表明,铅锌矿影响区耕作层土壤As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr含量范围分别为4.50~104.8、0.031~36.26、24.80~2989、16.90~251.6、79.90~11 500和24.0~222.0 mg·kg~(-1);与土壤基线值相比,6种重金属的超标率分别为1.4%、91.7%、60%、60%、60%和0。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)中限值相比,大米样本As、Pb、Cd含量超标率分别为93%、86%、64%,玉米样本Pb、Cd含量超标率为100%、100%,叶菜类蔬菜As、Pb、Cd含量超标率分别为50%、100%、60%,根茎类蔬菜As、Pb、Cd含量超标率为23%、100%和100%,瓜果类蔬菜As、Pb、Cd含量超标率为14%、96%和100%。通过分析土壤和农产品重金属超标情况,确定As、Pb、Cd为优先控制的重金属,依据研究区土壤重金属污染空间分布特性,划为3个分区:轻度污染区(Cd污染区),建议采取活化剂+植物萃取去除污染物;中度污染区则采用钝化剂与低积累农作物结合的方式;重度污染区则不宜种植进入食物链的农作物,建议采取施加活化剂与种植超富集植物结合的方式降低土壤重金属含量。     

有机物-金属相互作用对重金属负载土柱中粘土矿物吸附剂再生的影响

Natural clay minerals can play an important role in crude remediation of wastewater polluted with the heavy metals (HMs) Cu,Zn and Ni.The presence and timing of addition of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) have a significant effect on the HM removal by clay mineral sorbents.However,the influence of the presence of DOM on the remediation of the used clay mineral sorbents once saturated with HMs is largely unknown.To resolve this,clay mineral-rich soil column of varying composition,loaded (i) with Cu,Zn and Ni only,(ii) first with DOM followed by Cu,Zn and Ni,or (iii) with DOM,Cu,Zn and Ni simultaneously,was used in a set of desorption experiments.The soil columns were leached with 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in water as control eluent and 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in DOM as treatment eluent.During the preceding loading phase of the sorbent,the timing of DOM addition (sequential or concurrent with HMs) was found to have a significant influence on the subsequent removal of the HMs.In particular when the column was loaded with DOM and HMs simultaneously,largely irreversible co-precipitation took place.Our results indicate that the regeneration potential of clay mineral sorbents in wastewater treatment will be significantly reduced when the treated water is rich in DOM.In contrast,in manured agricultural fields (where HMs enter together with DOM),HM mobility will be lower than expected from interaction dynamics of HMs and clay minerals.     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

Managing the fishery commons at Marseille: How a medieval institution failed to accommodate change in an age of globalization

This paper offers a socio‐historical study of the Prud'homie de pêche (the “Prud'homie”), a common‐pool institution (“CPI”) that has managed the fishery commons at Marseille since the Middle Ages. The evidence presented here sheds light on specific challenges faced by the Prud'homie during the early stages of globalization: one challenge is the import of a new fishing technique (the madrague) in the early 17th century, and another challenge is the arrival of migrant fishermen from Catalonia throughout the 18th century. On this basis, this paper explores the ways in which globalization has impacted the Prud'homie and identifies the mechanisms through which these challenges might threaten the functioning of CPIs.     

竹质异色重组装饰材工业化生产技术

竹质异色重组装饰材是以竹材为原料,采用柔性竹单元制造、竹束漂白、竹束深度匀染等关键技术,将不同色彩竹束重组制造的具有良好装饰效果的竹质建筑装饰材料。重点介绍了竹质异色重组装饰材工业化生产的主要工艺流程,总结产品开发过程存在的主要问题与解决途径,以期为竹质异色重组装饰材的推广应用提供参考。     

电动技术去除剩余污泥中重金属

电动技术去除污泥中重金属受到多种因素的影响，因此非常有必要探讨适宜的修复参数。本论文系统研究了电解时间、介质pH、强化剂种类、电压和超声振荡时间等因素对电动力学去除剩余污泥中重金属Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr的影响。结果表明，最适宜的电解时间为12 h，最佳介质pH为2，最适电压为1.5 V·cm^-1，最适宜的超声振荡时间为1.0 h。添加EDTA对剩余污泥中Ni的去除效果最佳，最佳添加浓度为0.20 mol·L^-1；添加柠檬酸对剩余污泥中Zn的去除效果最佳，最佳添加浓度为0.25 mol·L^-1；酒石酸对剩余污泥中Cu的去除效果最佳，最佳添加浓度为0.25 mol·L^-1。研究为电动技术去除剩余污泥中重金属的实践提供了理论参考。