蓟马为害对苜蓿叶茎显微结构的影响

为了揭示蓟马为害后紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）叶片和茎秆细胞组织结构的变化及其与苜蓿耐害性的关系，本研究选用抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和I-1，比较蓟马为害后苜蓿叶片和茎秆的显微结构及叶片超微结构的变化。结果表明，受害后，R-1和I-1苜蓿的组织结构有明显改变：叶片上下表皮细胞锯齿边缘消失，细胞显著隆起，气孔缩小，单位面积细胞和气孔数显著增加。在茎秆中，维管束间距和直径变小，维管束细胞减少，厚角组织宽度下降；表皮细胞变短变窄，细胞和气孔数明显增加。叶片栅栏组织细胞收缩，液泡变小，叶绿体淀粉粒变小或减少，叶绿体片层基粒增加，嗜锇体增多。健康R-1叶片上下表皮单位面积细胞和气孔数均少于I-1。受害后，R-1叶片上下表皮单位面积细胞数分别增加1.75和1.51倍，细胞增加倍数、叶绿体片层和基粒均多于I-1。受蓟马为害后，R-1组织结构的变化较I-1更显著。     

基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈研究

为了解决传统食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型演化稳定性差的问题,提出基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。依据食用菌产业实际情况,界定食用菌产业生态补偿利益相关者,引入投入产出方法,以此为基础,构建食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。以模型为工具,计算模型平衡点,并演化博弈食用菌产业生态补偿情况。仿真试验结果表明:与传统演化博弈模型相比,构建的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型极大的提升了演化稳定性,表现出了良好的演化博弈性能。     

农业科研院所科技援疆的调查与思考——以山西省农业科学院为例

本文以山西省农业科学院为例,分析了农业科研院所科技援疆的历程与特征,总结了科技援疆典型做法,并深入剖析了科技援疆存在的问题,提出了强化援疆目标、精准援疆项目、筑牢援疆保障、拓展援疆领域、完善运作机制、增加援疆资金、加强项目管理等进一步强化科技援疆工作的建议。     

红树莓果酒的酿造工艺研究

中国盛产小浆果,但小浆果不容易保存且季节性强,因此附加值较低,为了提高小浆果的产品附加值,本试验研究了小浆果酒的发酵工艺,并探讨了解决出汁率低,果酒单宁含量过少所导致的货架期短、挥发酸高、不易澄清等问题。试验以小浆果红树莓为原料,经破碎、酶解、澄清、发酵、过滤等工艺,制得了发酵型红树莓果酒,经过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,确定最佳的酿造工艺条件。结果表明,酶解过程采用25 g/kL EMACLAR果胶酶和25 g/kL EVZYM果胶酶低温酶解14 h,与传统方式对比,出汁率提高了10%;发酵过程,红树莓果汁初始糖度19%,利用VP5为酿酒酵母,接种量为10%,发酵温度22℃;发酵结束后使用树脂降酸,澄清过程使用30 g/100 L硅藻土、15 g/100 L明胶复合澄清的方式。在此工艺条件下得到的红树莓果酒酸度爽口,色泽清亮、均匀,有明显的树莓香气和纯正的发酵型香气。     

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae

Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.     

小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料的研制

以小球藻、红枣为原料,利用乳酸菌发酵,制作具有海藻特殊芳香及兼具红枣营养价值的小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料。结果表明,球藻液与红枣液最佳配比为3∶7(V/V),小球藻红枣发酵液最佳发酵条件为:小球藻红枣原液添加量30%,脱脂乳70%,发酵时间9 h,发酵温度42℃,接种量0.10%;最佳调配配方为:小球藻红枣发酵液50 m L,水50 mL,白砂糖5 g,柠檬酸0.2%,稳定剂(CMC)0.2%。研制出的饮料为均匀的淡乳黄色,清新的红枣味和发酵乳香味,无藻腥味,具有独特的口感。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

樱桃番茄抗青枯病砧木新品种海茄砧1 号的选育

海茄砧1 号是以野生茄子自交系HZ09-5 为母本，以从越南引进的茄子品种自交系HZ10-2 为父本育成的高抗青枯 病樱桃番茄砧木品种。植株生长势较强，第1 雌花节位约为第7 节，花为紫色，果实卵圆形，青熟果淡绿紫色或淡绿色，果 萼绿色，果长7～9 cm，果宽4～6 cm，单果质量为50～60 g，种子千粒重为3.2 g 左右，种皮浅黄色，高抗青枯病。海茄砧 1 号与樱桃番茄的嫁接亲和性好，共生性强，嫁接苗成活率高。嫁接后的樱桃番茄果萼开展，果面有光泽，可明显改善果实 VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等品质，提高产量。适宜华南地区樱桃番茄的嫁接栽培。     

红壤旱地一株自生固氮菌的筛选鉴定及其固氮能力评估

为了鉴定从红壤中分离得到的一株自生固氮菌,并探讨其固氮能力。采用形态观察、生理生化测定和16S rDNA基因序列分析的方法研究了菌株的分类地位,采用乙炔还原法测定其固氮酶活性,并在室内培养条件下,通过花生、玉米的幼苗盆栽试验研究菌株对土壤MBN、矿化氮和植株氮素积累量的影响。结果表明：从种植于红壤的玉米根际,筛选出15株自生固氮菌,以菌株CM12固氮能力最强,初步鉴定CM12为伯霍尔德杆菌属(Burkholderia sp.),固氮酶活性达C₂H₄ 39.1 nmol/(h·mL)。室内培养试验结果表明,接种CM12菌株的处理,花生和玉米土壤MBN含量较CK处理分别提高了2.38和2.37倍,其中种植花生体系中,接菌处理与施用化学氮肥处理土壤MBN含量无显著差异。接种固氮菌影响了旱地红壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N比例,降低了土壤中NO₃^--N含量,且种植玉米体系中土壤NO₃^--N含量降低较明显。固氮菌短期接种增加了花生根系和玉米地上植株的氮素积累量。研究结果为该菌株在红壤旱地实际生产中的应用提供了理论基础。     

无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。