不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

CnAβ基因对大鼠RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响

过敏是人和养殖动物常见的疾病，而且发生的频率呈现逐渐增加的趋势。为了深入了解过敏反应的机制，本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术，构建钙调磷酸酶A beta （calcineurin A beta，CnAβ）基因敲除的大鼠RBL-2H3细胞株，并探讨CnAβ基因对RBL-2H3细胞生长及脱颗粒的影响。选取大鼠CnAβ基因第一外显子为敲除靶点，设计并合成3个单导向RNA （single guide RNA，sgRNA），构建pX459-CnAβ-sgRNA质粒，并用脂质体3000将构建好的质粒转染到RBL-2H3细胞内；利用嘌呤霉素对转染细胞进行筛选，通过DNA测序验证获得CnAβ基因敲除的RBL-2H3细胞株；并检测CnAβ基因缺失对细胞增殖和脱颗粒的影响。结果表明，成功构建了CnAβ单基因敲除的大鼠RBL-2H3细胞株；CnAβ基因缺失对RBL-2H3细胞增殖、细胞的颗粒形成以及颗粒含量无显著影响，但显著抑制由细胞表面受体介导的RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒作用。该研究结果有助于深入了解动物过敏性疾病的发生机制，为动物过敏性疾病的预防提供了理论基础。     

不同颜色薄膜覆盖对越橘光合特性的影响

以越橘品种"双丰"为试验材料,采用拱棚覆膜方式,设置白膜、绿膜、红膜、黄膜、蓝膜5个处理,研究不同颜色薄膜覆盖下越橘叶片叶绿素含量、光合日变化和光响应变化差异。结果表明,绿膜覆盖下越橘叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量显著提高,蓝膜覆盖下叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量显著提高,不同颜色薄膜覆盖下越橘叶片中叶绿素a/b值无显著差异。不同颜色薄膜处理下越橘叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线均为"双峰型",最高峰值均出现在8:00,Pn数值排序为蓝膜白膜红膜黄膜绿膜,不同颜色薄膜处理下越橘叶片均在11:00出现光合午休现象。气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)总体变化趋势与Pn类似,而胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)则呈"W型"曲线。通过拟合光响应曲线可知,不同处理下越橘叶片光补偿点(LCP)均降低,其中红膜和绿膜降低幅度较大。蓝膜下光饱和点(LSP)增加,且最大净光合速率(Pn_(max))最高。结果表明,蓝膜覆盖促进越橘光合作用,生产中可通过覆盖蓝色薄膜或者补充蓝光方式使越橘光合效率最大化。红膜、黄膜和绿膜对光合作用有抑制作用,但红膜和绿膜有助于增强越橘对弱光的适应能力。     

Shikonin inhibits neuronal apoptosis induced by OGD through targeting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

AIM: To explore the effect of shikonin on rat primary cortical neurons in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury model.METHODS: The neurons were pretreated with shikonin at different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 μmol/L) followed by treatment with OGD. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) double staining were used to detect neuronal viability and apoptosis, and then the optimal concentration of shikonin was determined. LY294002 (PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, 1 μmol/L) was added before the addition of shikonin, and the protein level of p-Akt (Ser473) in the neurons was determined by Wes-tern blot. LDH release assay and FDA/PI double staining were also used to detect neuronal viability and apoptosis.RESULTS: A certain concentration (0.2~20 μmol/L) of shikonin increased the viability of impaired neurons (P<0.05) and the protein level of p-Akt (Ser473) in the neurons (P<0.05). The effect of shikonin on neuronal p-Akt (Ser473) levels and the cell death were blocked by LY294002 (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: A certain concentration of shikonin reduces OGD-induced apoptosis of rat primary cortical neurons by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

新型大跨度非对称塑料大棚内冬季温光变化特征研究

【目的】研究大跨度非对称塑料大棚内冬季温光变化特征,为新型棚体的开发与设计提供思路。【方法】根据跨度和覆盖层数不同,选取5座大棚,分别为17m单层(17-1)、17m双层(17-2)、18m单层(18-1)、18m双层(18-2)和20m单层(20-1),并以塑料拱棚和日光温室为对照,对大棚进行连续气温监测及典型晴天、阴天、雪天条件下气温、土壤温度(20cm深)和光照环境的监测与比较。【结果】①2017-12-01至2018-01-31,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室冬季平均最低气温分别为4.1,4.9,-1.9,0,-1.8℃,平均最高气温分别为31.7,27.8,32.6,31.9,33.9℃。②典型晴天条件下,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室最低气温分别为4.4,5.0,-3.4,-2.6,-3.1℃,较室外分别高11.6,12.2,3.8,4.6,4.1℃,较塑料拱棚分别高10.5,11.1,2.7,3.5,3.0℃,较日光温室分别低6.3,5.7,14.1,13.3,13.8℃;典型阴天条件下,最低气温分别为6.3,7.5,1.0,1.6,1.7℃,较室外分别高8.4,9.6,3.1,3.7,3.8℃,较塑料拱棚分别高7.7,8.9,2.4,3.0,3.1℃,较日光温室分别低5.4,4.2,10.7,10.1,10.0℃;典型雪天条件下,最低气温分别为4.9,6.0,-2.7,-1.0,-1.4℃,较室外分别高10.7,11.8,3.1,4.8,4.4℃,较塑料拱棚分别高10.0,11.1,2.4,4.1,3.7℃,较日光温室分别低5.0,3.9,12.6,10.9,11.3℃。典型晴天条件下,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室20cm深处土壤平均温度分别为12.2,12.3,10.0,11.1,9.6℃,较塑料拱棚分别高6.0,6.1,3.8,4.9,3.4℃;典型阴天条件下,土壤平均温度分别为11.9,12.1,9.5,10.6,9.6℃,较塑料拱棚分别高5.8,6.0,3.4,4.5,3.5℃;典型雪天条件下,土壤平均温度分别为11.2,11.4,9.9,10.5,9.5℃,较塑料拱棚分别高5.4,5.6,4.1,4.7,3.7℃。③对大棚内南北方向气温和光照分布进行比较可知,各试验温室内气温以中部最高,南北次之,分布差异大小排列为17-1温室18-1温室20-1温室18-2温室17-2温室;各试验温室南部光照最好,中部略低于南部,北部最差,透光率大小排序为18-1温室18-2温室20-1温室17-1温室17-2温室。【结论】综合考虑温光环境性能可知,18-2温室大棚的保温性能较好,平均最低气温和土壤平均温度高,无极端低温和高温情况,且南北方向气温、光照分布差异小,透光率高,更适合推广应用。     

Supplemental blue and red light promote lycopene synthesis in tomato fruits

Lycopene, one of the strongest natural antioxidants known and the main carotene in ripe tomato, is very important for human health. Light is well known to be one of the most important environmental stimuli influencing lycopene biosynthesis; specifically, red light induces higher lycopene content in tomato. However, whether blue light promotes lycopene synthesis remains elusive and exactly how light stimulation promotes lycopene synthesis remains unclear. We applied supplemental blue and red lighting on tomato plants at anthesis to monitor the effect of supplemental blue and red lighting on lycopene synthesis. Our results showed that supplemental blue/red lighting induced higher lycopene content in tomato fruits; furthermore, we found that the expression of key genes in the lycopene synthesis pathway was induced by supplemented blue/red light. The expression of light signaling components, such as red-light receptor phytochromes (PHYs), blue-light receptor cryptochromes (CRYs) and light interaction factors, phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) were up- or down-regulated by blue/red lighting. Thus, blue and red light increased lycopene content in tomatoes by inducing light receptors that modulate HY5 and PIFs activation to mediate phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) gene expression. These results provide a sound theoretical basis for further elucidation of the light regulating mechanism of lycopene synthesis in tomatoes, and for instituting a new generation of technological innovations for the enhancement of lycopene accumulation in crop production.     

红树莓果酒的酿造工艺研究

中国盛产小浆果,但小浆果不容易保存且季节性强,因此附加值较低,为了提高小浆果的产品附加值,本试验研究了小浆果酒的发酵工艺,并探讨了解决出汁率低,果酒单宁含量过少所导致的货架期短、挥发酸高、不易澄清等问题。试验以小浆果红树莓为原料,经破碎、酶解、澄清、发酵、过滤等工艺,制得了发酵型红树莓果酒,经过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,确定最佳的酿造工艺条件。结果表明,酶解过程采用25 g/kL EMACLAR果胶酶和25 g/kL EVZYM果胶酶低温酶解14 h,与传统方式对比,出汁率提高了10%;发酵过程,红树莓果汁初始糖度19%,利用VP5为酿酒酵母,接种量为10%,发酵温度22℃;发酵结束后使用树脂降酸,澄清过程使用30 g/100 L硅藻土、15 g/100 L明胶复合澄清的方式。在此工艺条件下得到的红树莓果酒酸度爽口,色泽清亮、均匀,有明显的树莓香气和纯正的发酵型香气。     

Impact of weather variables and season on sporulation of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae

Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.     

小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料的研制

以小球藻、红枣为原料,利用乳酸菌发酵,制作具有海藻特殊芳香及兼具红枣营养价值的小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料。结果表明,球藻液与红枣液最佳配比为3∶7(V/V),小球藻红枣发酵液最佳发酵条件为:小球藻红枣原液添加量30%,脱脂乳70%,发酵时间9 h,发酵温度42℃,接种量0.10%;最佳调配配方为:小球藻红枣发酵液50 m L,水50 mL,白砂糖5 g,柠檬酸0.2%,稳定剂(CMC)0.2%。研制出的饮料为均匀的淡乳黄色,清新的红枣味和发酵乳香味,无藻腥味,具有独特的口感。