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1.
王家录  李维杰  王勇  任娟  高敏 《水土保持研究》2021,(2):217-223,F0003
为了了解重庆石漠化地区植被恢复以及生态环境治理状况,选取重庆石漠化地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)及气象数据,利用趋势分析、变异系数分析以及偏相关分析等方法,重点探讨了重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI的时空变化特征,并分析了NDVI变化与气候因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)重庆石漠化地区NDVI年际变化总体上呈增加趋势,增加速率为0.08/10 a,其中渝东北地区增长速率相对较高,达0.09/10 a,而NDVI季节变化存在一定差异性,春季增长最为显著,主要分布于渝东北、渝中和渝西地区;(2)渝东北石漠化地区NDVI呈增加趋势的区域范围较大,这对于三峡库区生态环境改善以及水土保持起着至关重要的作用;渝东南、渝中和渝西石漠化地区NDVI整体保持不变,而NDVI呈减小趋势的区域主要分布于乌江流域;(3)重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI变异系数相对较低,以稳定为主;(4)重庆石漠化地区降水和气温分别与NDVI之间正相关性都大于负相关性。总体上降水量的增加一定程度促进了三峡库区植被的生长,而温度的降低一定程度上抑制了乌江流域植被的生长。  相似文献   
2.
  【目的】  研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术。  【方法】  以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣 (Lactuca sativa L.) 为研究对象进行田间试验。设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270 kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成期和收获期,利用GreenSeeker冠层光谱仪获取冠层光谱特征值—植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 和比值植被指数 (RVI),并测定植株生物量和含氮量。评估用生育期NDVI和RVI值预测蔬菜生物量和氮素营养的可行性与准确性,并验证用移栽天数校正提高全生育期光谱值预测精度的可行性。  【结果】  NDVI和RVI与莴苣地上部生物量 (AGB)、根冠比 (RTS)、植株吸氮量 (PNU) 和植株氮浓度 (PNC) 等指标间均存在显著相关关系,尤其以NDVI相关性更高。相关性分析结果表明,NDVI与AGB和PNU呈正相关,相关系数分别介于0.779~0.945和0.819~0.938;与RTS和PNC呈负相关,相关性系数介于–0.367~–0.844和–0.328~–0.732。对比不同时期,莲座期和茎形成期的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养指标预测的准确性较高,对AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测准确性分别为0.76~0.92、0.37~0.71、0.77~0.88和0.34~0.54。利用两年NDVI值建立各时期莴苣生物量和氮素营养状况统一预测方程,莲座期方程最为准确,对AGB、RTS、PNU、PNC预测准确性分别为73%、48%、52%、31%。综合全生育预测方程,冠层光谱仪测定的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养预测指标的准确性较高,基于NDVI值的AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测方程准确度分别为54%、43%、57%和26%。引入移栽天数 (DAT) 对该预测方程进行校正后,AGB、PNU和PNC预测方程的准确度分别提高至62%、71%和34%。  【结论】  基于冠层光谱仪测定的各生育期的植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 可准确预测莴苣的生物量和氮素营养状况,尤以莲座期的预测结果最为准确。经移栽天数 (DAT) 校正后,基于全生育期的NDVI值建立的预测方程对AGB、PNU的预测准确度可分别提高到62%和71%,基本满足莴苣类低覆盖度蔬菜作物的氮素营养管理。  相似文献   
3.
The quality and safety of agricultural products is the technique focus of the strategy of rural vitaliza⁃tion. Carbamate pesticide residues are seriously threatening the safety of agricultural product and human life and health. Nowadays, the common detection methods are instrument-based for carbamate pesticide residue, which dis⁃ satisfy the request of an on-site rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection for multiple carbamate pesticide resi⁃ dues. Based on the home-made monoclonal antibodies against carbofuran and carbaryl respectivity, a microarray for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple carbamate pesticide residues was developed within 30 min. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection(LODs)were found to be 0.11 and 0.09 ng/g, while the linear ranges were 0.33-3000 and 0.18-1500 ng/g for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. By using spiked peanut samples, it recorded recoveries of 88.4%-98.3%, 90.1%-118.8% for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. The RSD of intraarray were found at 9.0%, 3.5%, while the RSD of inter-array were recorded at 12.3%, 16.3% respectively. The de⁃ tection results of the microarray were highly consistent with that of HPLC-MS/MS. This proposed microarray provid⁃ ed an on-site high-sensitivity, simultaneous and rapid detection of carbofuran and carbaryl, and could be widely used in the fields of agricultural product quality safety, food safety and environmental monitoring.  相似文献   
4.
In the present study, the location, histology and number of corpuscles of Stannius (Sc), which are endocrine glands associated with the kidneys of teleost fish, were investigated for the first time in Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi), an anadromous and endemic inhabiting Turkey's Lake Van Basin. The Sc, which were ovoid or spheroid and white or cream in colour, were found to vary in number between three and five among the examined fish. The glands were located in the caudal part of the kidney, and either partially or completely embedded, and found to be present on both the ventral and dorsal surface of either side of the caudal part of the kidney. The Sc were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that penetrated and divided the gland into incomplete lobules. Two types of cells were determined in the parenchyma of the gland. Type-I cells were predominant throughout the parenchyma and larger than the second (type-II). In the type-I cells, the cytoplasm was observed as weakly or moderately eosinophilic with haematoxylin and eosin staining and weakly or moderately acidophilic with Mallory's triple staining. In the type-I cells, the cytoplasm exhibited weak to moderate periodic acid-Schiff staining and slight or uniform staining with aldehyde fuchsin. The type-II cells were round, had a darkly stained spherical nucleus and were dispersed among the type-I cells. They displayed no cytoplasmic staining with the abovementioned stains.  相似文献   
5.
Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.  相似文献   
6.
Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.  相似文献   
7.
研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行,以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF,BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage,BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation,BC+PU)三种运筹模式,以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization,SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照,研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥:穗肥比例为7∶3,较传统优化氮肥运筹SU(6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余,穗肥不足,因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用效率。与BC和BC+TU处理相比,BC+PU通过基肥减量和尿素穗肥配施,在保证水稻营养生长期基本氮素供应的同时,显著增加了穗分化至成熟期氮素吸收,促进了穗分化至成熟期光合物质生产能力,在稳定有效穗数和千粒重的同时,显著提高了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻每穗粒数、结实率和产量,很好的匹配了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻全生育期氮素需求。BC+PU两年的产量和氮肥利用率分别为12.2~13.1 t hm-2和43.8%~44.1%,分别较BC显著提高7.4%~9.2%和48.5%~59.9%,较BC+TU显著提高8.0%~11.9%和63.9%~74.5%。另外,BC+PU的产量和氮肥利用率与SU无显著差异,但由于大幅降低了施氮人工成本,最终提高净收益6.5%~12.3%。在籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下,采用70%控释氮肥+30%尿素穗肥处理可有效取代常规尿素分次施肥,获得无显著差异的水稻产量和氮肥利用效率,同时进一步提高经济效益。  相似文献   
8.
不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响,设置3个灌水水平:高水、中水和低水(W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm,冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm),4个施氮水平:高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮(N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2),4个施磷水平:高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷(P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2)进行了田间试验。结果表明:不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇,夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)为6805~7233kg/hm2,冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2,夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下,增加灌水量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量(CNPP)提高2.48%~5.96%,土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量(CRm)增加2.15%~15.20%,净生态系统生产力固碳量(CNEP)增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下,增加施肥量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%,土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%,CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%,CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下,氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%,且氮磷肥交互作用显著(P<0.05),水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入,在节水节肥原则下,夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。  相似文献   
9.
在地球化学元素循环中,氮素是最重要、最活跃的营养元素之一。农田生态系统中的氮素很大程度上决定农作物的产量和品质。然而,在全球气候变化背景下,随着大气CO2浓度和温度升高,作物-土壤氮循环的变化可能显著影响农田生态系统中的作物生产。因此,研究作物-土壤氮循环对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应,能够为科学合理地预测未来气候条件下,农田生态系统中作物的氮素需求,以及保障农作物产量的稳定供应提供理论依据,对于全面认识全球气候变化背景下的农田生态系统氮素循环过程及土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。本文综述了大气CO2和温度升高对作物氮素吸收和分配,以及与氮有效性密切相关的土壤氮转化的影响,并系统总结了二者对作物-土壤氮循环过程产生的交互作用。总结以往研究发现,在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,作物的蒸腾作用减弱,但光合作用增强,生物量加大,根系分支和根表面积增加,豆科作物的根瘤固氮能力提高,因此整体上促进作物对氮的吸收,并且增加作物向籽粒中分配氮的比例,但作物的平均氮浓度降低。此外,高CO2浓度提高了土壤酶活性,增强了土壤有机氮矿化作用、硝化及反硝化作用,加速了土壤氮转化。升温和CO2浓度升高对作物-土壤氮循环产生正向或负向的交互作用,主要表现在:高温和高CO2浓度对作物的生物量、光合作用、地下部氮分配、根系分支以及根表面积具有协同促进作用,升高温度减轻了高CO2浓度对作物蒸腾作用和作物氮浓度的抑制作用。然而,升温抑制了高CO2浓度对作物向籽粒中氮分配、氮吸收以及产量的促进作用;升温虽然能进一步增强高CO2浓度对土壤酶活性和有机氮矿化的促进作用,但是对于土壤硝化和反硝化作用,二者的交互作用以及相关的分子机制尚不明确。大气CO2升高和温度升高对土壤微生物,以及微生物与作物之间的耦合关系的研究比较薄弱,特别是由微生物主导的氮循环过程及其对全球气候变化的反馈机制是未来研究的重点。本文提出利用16S rRNA、DGGE、T-RFLP、qPCR、RT-PCR技术、蛋白组学以及稳定性同位素探针原位研究技术,可以将复杂环境中微生物物种组成及其生理功能进行耦合分析,揭示大气CO2浓度与温度对作物-土壤氮循环过程的交互作用机理,增强对气候变化下农田生态系统氮素循环响应的预测能力,为农田生态系统有效地适应气候变化提供科学的理论依据。  相似文献   
10.
为探索低温启动型且具有纤维素强分解能力的复合菌系HT20作用下秸秆腐解的影响因素。采用室内培养试验,通过响应曲面优化法Box-Behnken设计建立HT20添加量、温度、秸秆含水率和尿素添加量与秸秆腐解率之间的模型,结合大田微区模拟试验验证HT20实际田间应用效果,并与常用的4种秸秆腐熟剂进行比较。结果表明:秸秆腐解率受HT20添加量、温度、秸秆含水率的影响显著,且各影响因素间交互作用对秸秆腐解率影响显著,尿素添加量与HT20添加量之间交互作用对秸秆腐解率影响不显著。与不添加腐熟剂(CK)和常用腐熟剂相比,HT20腐解速率提高20.10%~81.46%,腐解时间缩短17.62~183.41d,养分提高5.44%~71.49%,微生物数量增加1.57%~76.14%。表明,低温复合菌HT20在冀东滨海稻区还田秸秆腐解中起到了主导作用。研究结果为本地秸秆还田中低温复合菌系HT20的施用提供理论指导,为我国北方稻区秸秆还田提供技术支撑。  相似文献   
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