麦类作物落粒控制的分子机制研究进展

作物驯化在人类从狩猎和采摘的原始生活状态到农耕文明的演化过程中起着至关重要的作用,落粒性的丧失是作物驯化的首要性状。麦类作物是最早被驯化的作物之一,近年来随着大麦、小麦及其近缘物种基因组测序工作的完成,对麦类作物落粒控制系统驯化分子机制的研究取得了长足进展,本文就麦类作物脆轴性与作物驯化、大麦脆穗基因与驯化模式、小麦脆穗基因的同源性和多态性、脆穗基因在禾本科作物基因组中的排列方式以及影响麦类作物脆穗形成的其他机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对麦类作物脆穗基因的研究方向进行展望,以期对相关研究者提供参考。     

The occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype in Italian durum wheat cultivars

Italian and Tunisian durum wheats from different eras of breeding were assessed for the presence of a gene for brittle rachis. Nine of 15 Italian durum landraces had brittle rachides. Strampellis achievement was the release of the well-known variety, Senatore Cappelli, which was derived from a Tunisian landrace, Jenah Rhettifah, which has a brittle rachis. Rachides of two Tunisian landraces were also brittle. Since the 1950s, 16 accessions were released as selections from crosses or mutagenesis involving Senatore Cappelli. Seven of these accessions have brittle rachides. F₂ segregation in intercrosses of Senatore Cappelli with other durum accessions with brittle rachides indicated a common allele for brittle rachis. Segregation of the F₂ from Senatore Cappelli/ANW 10A and the F₂ of Senatore Cappelli/ANW 10B showed that the gene for brittle rachis of Senatore Cappelli was allelic to the brittle allele of the Br-B1 locus on chromosome 3B. Senatore Cappelli was presumably the only source of brittle rachis used in Italian breeding programmes. The genes for brittle rachis have been retained in the gene pool of durum wheat, suggesting that the brittle rachis character is not associated with an appreciable yield loss in modern farming systems in Mediterranean environments.     

The inheritance and chromosomal location of morphological traits in wild wheat, Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides

The homoeologous groups of chromosomes carrying the genes for some morphological traits in wild wheat Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides (T. dicoccoides) were determined, but not the actual chromosomes carrying them. The objectives of this study were to investigate the modes of inheritance, and determine the chromosomes carrying some morphological traits in wild emmer (2n = 28; AABB), the progenitor of most cultivated wheats. To investigate the inheritance of morphological traits, crosses were made between T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (T. durum cultivar Chartokhmi (IR10) and T. dicoccoides accessions TA1150 and TA1131. F₂ seeds from each cross were grown in the field and six qualitative characters were investigated. Purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla, and fragility of spike were controlled by single dominant genes. To determine the chromosomal locations, accession TA1131 was crossed with the complete set of LDN D-genome disomic substitution lines. Assessments of F₂ populations showed that chromosomes 7A, 6A, 7B, 5B, 5A and 3B carried genes for purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla and brittle rachis, respectively.     

小麦品种抗赤霉病穗轴病理解剖的研究

研究了不同抗赤霉病类型品种的病理解剖学；发现抗病品种穗轴线管束数量比感病品种的多；穗轴节上部的节间组织排列较下部节间组织致密；菌丝体只存在于穗轴维管束的导管内．并且抗病品种内的菌丝体数量比感病品种数量少、且发育不良；感病品种穗轴组织的坏死速率为抗病品种的７倍。     

速生型刺槐遗传转化体系的建立

为获得稳定的转基因刺槐植株,以速生型刺槐叶轴为转化受体,对转化过程中的一些影响因素进行了探究,建立了较为完善的遗传转化体系。结果表明:继代20~35d之间刺槐叶轴最适宜转化;卡那霉素的筛选浓度为30mg/L;头孢霉素的抑菌浓度为200mg/L;合适的侵染时间是20min;30mg/L的乙酰丁香酮有利于抗性芽的发生;共培养2d对转化适宜;抑菌7d后再加选择压有利于抗性芽的产生。最后得到的抗性植株经PCR检测,初步证明外源目的基因OsDREB1已整合到刺槐基因组中。     

Inheritance of disarticulation derived from some hexaploid brittle rachis wheat

Inheritance of disarticulation in progenies of hybrids among Tibetan weedrace (9053 and AS907 of Triticum aestivum var. tibetanum), Yunnan hulled wheat (AS338 of T. aestivum concv. yunnanense) and spelt wheat (AS326 of T. aestivum concv. spelta) was studied. Disarticulation type is governed by some disarticulation modifying genes. These modifying genes can be divided into two groups, that is, wedge modifying genes (Wm) and barrel modifying genes (Bm). The two kinds of genes are codominant. Wedge type disarticulation is governed by the complement of at least two dominant wedge modifying genes (Wm ₁ and Wm ₂, Wm ₃ and Wm ₄, or Wm ₅ and Wm ₆). Barrel type disarticulation is controlled by at least one dominant barrel modifying gene (Bm ₁, Bm ₂ or Bm ₃) and its expression can be inhibited in certain genetic backgrounds. As to the background inhibition that dominant barrel modifying genes cannot express in some homozygous brittle rachis wheat, the hypothesis of epistasy of many homozygous alleles was suggested.     

利用花序轴组培快繁青花菜萝卜胞质雄性不育系的研究*

 以萝卜胞质不育型青花菜的幼嫩花序轴为外植体进行组织培养,可成功诱导出苗。将幼嫩花序轴接种到不同激素配比的诱导培养基上,均有愈伤组织产生,其中在MS + 6-BA 1.0mg/L + NAA 0.2mg/L培养基培养效果最好,诱导率高达100%;用MS + NAA 0.01mg/L +KT 0.2mg/L + 6-BA 0.5mg/L分化不定芽时,不定芽分化效果最好,芽分化率可达6.16;用1/2 MS + NAA 0.2mg/L进行生根培养,生根率高达86.7%,平均根数13.5条,在一定的温度和湿度条件下培养,移栽成活率可达85%以上。     

花生防御素基因的克隆及原核表达

植物防御素是植物免疫系统的一员,具有防御病原菌侵染植物的功能。本文采用RACE法成功地克隆花生防御素基因,并对其原核表达蛋白进行研究。研究结果表明,采用RACE方法克隆花生防御素基因（AhORRP）,得到的cDNA全长为585bp,含一个225bp的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）,编码75个氨基酸;经同源分析,花生防御素蛋白与其它物种具有33％～70％的同源性。原核表达获得大小约28kD AhDRRP融合蛋白。该基因的克隆及其原核表达融合蛋白的获取为花生防御素功能鉴定打下一定基础。     

大蒜花序轴离体培养的研究

以大蒜花序轴为外植体,研究了不同品种、不同生长阶段花序轴离体培养的差异和不同ｐＨ值、激素组成对花序轴培养的影响以及继代培养基种类、激素组成及糖原条件。结果表明,取未熟花序轴为外植体,其繁殖系数可高达７６;花序轴培养适宜条件为Ｂ５＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｐＨ６．５;花序轴培养效率存在品种间差异;继代培养条件为ＭＢ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＧＡ３０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ,     

Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat

The brittle rachis of the Tibetan weedrace (Triticum aestivum var. tibetanum) was found to be governed by a single dominant gene on the short arm of chromosome 3D. The new brittle rachis gene was designated Br₁. This study also discovered that the type of disarticulation is governed by many genes that may differ from brittle rachis genes. In other words, the same brittle rachis gene may exhibit various types of disarticulation in various genetic backgrounds. So, after the brittle rachis gene (barrel type) in Aegilops tauschii entered hexaploid wheat through the amphidiploid path, it might exhibit the wedge type of disarticulation.