褪黑激素对长毛兔毛囊细胞凋亡的影响

为研究褪黑激素对皖系长毛兔毛囊细胞凋亡的影响及相关机制,选择60只皖系长毛兔,随机均分成4组,1组不埋植褪黑激素(对照),另3组每只兔按25 mg(低剂量组)、40 mg(中剂量组)和55 mg(高剂量组)分别埋植褪黑激素,饲养70 d后,进行组织病理学观察和RNA的转录组高通量测序及q PCR表达分析。结果表明:通过组织切片观察,证实55 mg褪黑激素处理能有效抑制毛囊细胞凋亡,维持细胞正常形态;通过对高剂量组和对照组测序,得到25个差异表达基因,其中有14个基因上调,11个基因下调,涉及通路包括嗜T细胞病毒感染、坏死性凋亡、甲状腺癌、铁死亡、I型糖尿病和胰岛素信号通路,其中坏死性凋亡、铁死亡通路与长毛兔毛囊凋亡相关;选取4个与凋亡相关的差异表达基因进行荧光定量验证,得到新基因MSTRG.3561表达显著上调,SLC25A5表达下调,但差异无统计学意义。     

栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对獭兔胆汁分泌和胆囊平滑肌运动调节研究

为了研究栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对獭兔胆汁分泌和离体胆囊平滑肌肌条运动的影响，通过对獭兔实施胆管插管术，建立胆汁引流模型，应用 BL-420E 生物机能实验系统观察记录上述中药对胆汁分泌的影响；并取獭兔胆囊平滑肌，应用 HW-400S 恒温平滑肌槽和 BL-420E 生物机能实验系统，观察记录上述中药对胆囊平滑肌运动的影响。结果显示，栀子水煎剂可显著增加胆汁的分泌（P ＜0．05）和胆囊平滑肌收缩张力（P ＜0．05）；龙胆和茵陈水煎剂可显著增加胆汁的分泌（P ＜0．05），但对胆囊平滑肌收缩张力作用不显著（P ＞0．05）。说明栀子、龙胆、茵陈水煎剂均可促进獭兔胆汁分泌，且栀子可提高胆囊平滑肌收缩张力，但龙胆、茵陈水煎剂对胆囊平滑肌收缩张力影响不显著。     

2013年国外家兔遗传育种研究进展

我国是养兔大国，但家兔遗传育种基础研究薄弱。文章对2013年国外家兔遗传育种最新研究进展进行综述，以期为国内家兔育种者提供参考。     

Intravenous sufentanil‐midazolam versus sevoflurane anaesthesia in medetomidine pre‐medicated Himalayan rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy

ObjectiveTo compare physiological effects of sufentanil-midazolam with sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in medetomidine premedicated rabbits.Study designProspective, randomized controlled experimental study.AnimalsEighteen female Himalayan rabbits, weight 2.1 ± 0.1 kg.MethodsPremedication with 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ medetomidine and 5 mg kg⁻¹ carprofen subcutaneously, was followed by intravenous anaesthetic induction with sufentanil (2.3 μg mL⁻¹) and midazolam (0.45 mg mL⁻¹). After endotracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with sufentanil-midazolam (n = 9) or sevoflurane (n = 9). Ovariohysterectomy was performed. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation was performed as required. Physiological variables were studied perioperatively. Group means of physiologic data were generated for different anaesthetic periods. Data were compared for changes from sedation, and between groups by anova. Post-operatively, 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ buprenorphine was administered once and 5 mg kg⁻¹ carprofen once daily for 2–3 days. Rabbits were examined and weighed daily until one week after surgery.ResultsSmooth induction of anaesthesia was achieved within 5 minutes. Sufentanil and midazolam doses were 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.1 mg kg⁻¹, during induction and 3.9 μg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ and 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ during surgery, respectively. End-tidal sevoflurane concentration was 2.1% during surgery. Assisted ventilation was required in nine rabbits receiving sufentanil-midazolam and four receiving sevoflurane. There were no differences between groups in physiologic data other than arterial carbon dioxide. In rabbits receiving sevoflurane, mean arterial pressure decreased pre-surgical intervention, heart rate increased 25% during and after surgery and body weight decreased 4% post-operatively. Post-operative problems sometimes resulted from catheterization of the ear artery.ConclusionSevoflurane and sufentanil-midazolam provided surgical anaesthesia of similar quality. Arterial blood pressure was sustained during sufentanil-midazolam anaesthesia and rabbits receiving sevoflurane lost body weight following ovariohysterectomy. Mechanical ventilation was required with both anaesthetic regimens.Clinical relevanceAnaesthesia with sufentanil-midazolam in medetomidine premedicated healthy rabbits is useful in the clinical and the research setting, as an alternative to sevoflurane.     

日粮中添加乡土草可改善獭兔生产性能及血液指标

为研究乡土草日粮对商品獭兔后期生产性能、毛密度及血液生化指标的影响,本研究选用健康无病、精神状态良好的110日龄试验兔30只,公母各半,按性别随机分为3组,每组10只。试验Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;试验Ⅱ组饲喂15%当地乡土草草粉+85%基础日粮;试验Ⅲ组饲喂30%当地乡土草草粉+70%基础日粮。预试期7d,正试期30d。结果表明,试验组提高了獭兔末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量以及体况评分,降低了料重比;与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量及体况评分分别提高了9.78%、57.9%、4.02%及7.38%(P0.05),而料重比降低了9.4%(P0.05)。试验组提高了獭兔各部位被毛密度,试验Ⅲ组效果最好,与对照组相比,獭兔背部、腰部、左肩部和右肩部毛密度分别提高了20.7%、38.6%、33.7%和47.3%(P0.05),而臀部毛密度提高了12.9%(P0.05)。试验组提高了獭兔总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、白球比、免疫球蛋白G含量,与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组总蛋白提高了15%,白蛋白提高了13%(P0.05);球蛋白提高8.6%,白球比提高了23.5%,免疫球蛋白G提高了30%(P0.05)。综上所述,30%乡土草草粉替代基础日粮提高了獭兔生产性能。     

Carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) improve growth performance,antioxidant status and caecal characteristics in growing rabbits

The objective of this study was to evaluate carob pods and their effect on growth performance, antioxidant activities, carcass and caecal characteristics and equilibrium modification of the caecal microbiota population of growing NZW rabbits. Eighty weaned rabbits (initial body weight: 625.00 ± 26.46 g) were randomly allocated into four dietary groups of 20 rabbits each until 90 days of age. Dietary groups were as follows: C (basal diet with no supplementation), CP1 (basal diet + 2.5% carob pods), CP2 (basal diet + 5% carob pods) and CP3 (basal diet + 10% carob pods). Rabbits given the CP2 diet had significantly higher daily and final body weights compared with the other experimental groups. The increase in inclusion rate of carob pods significantly decreased feed intake, whereas carob pods at 5% in the CP2 group recorded the best value of feed conversion ratio. Rabbits in the CP3 group showed the worst slaughter weight and carcass dressing percentage weight. No significant effect was found on meat protein and ash contents. Cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein and triglycerides decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rabbits treated with carob pods compared with the control. Because of high content of the antioxidant compounds in CP2 and CP3 groups, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased, whereas the concentration of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance decreased significantly. Rabbits given the CP2 diet had a significantly higher volatile fatty acid concentration and a lower pH in content of the caecum compared to the other groups. The data of microbial analysis for C group showed a significant increase in Escherichia coli and Clostridium counts. Lactobacillus and Bacillus counts increased significantly more in the CP2 and CP3 groups than in the other groups. In conclusion, 5% of carob pods in the diet stimulated the performance of growing rabbits, and thus, it has potential as an unconventional feed resource for rabbits without any adverse effects.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取兔肉腥味物质

【目的】探讨超临界CO_2流体(SFE-CO_2)萃取兔肉腥味物质的条件,确定腥味物质的种类、组成和含量,为兔肉脱腥以及加工提供理论基础。【方法】采用超临界CO_2流体对兔肉腥味物质进行萃取,以提取率为指标,在单因素试验基础上进行Box-Behnken响应面分析;定量加入内标物质2,4,6-三甲基吡啶(TMP),通过气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS)对兔肉腥味物质进行分析鉴定。计算气味活度值(OAV),结合气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)和感官评价,确定兔肉腥味物质主体成分。【结果】单因素试验结果表明,当萃取温度为40℃时,提取率最高达到97.91%,峰面积为1.58×10~9;当萃取时间为4 h时,提取率最高,为97.83%,峰面积为2.42×10~9;萃取压力为25 MPa时,最高提取率为97.78%,峰面积3.78×108。其中,萃取温度和萃取压力不仅影响溶质扩散系数,还影响CO_2流体密度。温度增加时,尽管扩散系数增大,由于CO_2流体密度下降,提取率随之减小。虽然CO_2流体密度在高压下较大,但随着压力增加,可压缩性随之减小,由于扩散系数降低,溶质溶解度下降,因而提取率降低。当萃取时间过长时,一些非挥发性物质被溶出,使得萃取物质总量增加,降低了挥发性风味物质的比重。根据响应面分析,得出最优萃取条件为:萃取温度40.67℃、萃取压力25.67 MPa、萃取时间3.13 h,提取率为98.01%。而实际操作时,提取条件修正为萃取温度40℃、萃取压力25 MPa、萃取时间3 h,在此条件下提取率为98.11%。通过定量加入内标物质TMP,GC-MS定性定量分析得到兔肉挥发性风味物质5类,包括醛类、酸类、酯类、杂环类化合物和烃类,共计38种风味化合物。其中,酸类((1 394.25±3.45)μg·kg~(-1))酯类((569.26±1.23)μg·kg~(-1))烃类((471.82±1.11)μg·kg~(-1))醛类((168.46±0.97)μg·kg~(-1))杂环类((86.71±0.64)μg·kg~(-1))。通过计算得到兔肉挥发性风味物质中戊醛、己醛、己酸和2-戊基-呋喃的OAV值均大于1,且己酸己醛2-戊基-呋喃戊醛,表明这4种物质对兔肉腥味有重要贡献,而己酸对兔肉腥味的贡献最大。同时,气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)分析认为这4种物质均具有不同程度异味,包括肝脏腥味、草腥味、羊膻味和豆腥味等,感官分析表明萃取物有明显兔肉腥味。【结论】超临界CO_2流体萃取兔肉腥味物质可行,为研究兔肉腥味提供了新的提取方法。其最佳萃取条件为:时间3 h,温度40℃,压力25 MPa。戊醛、己醛、己酸和2-戊基-呋喃初步确定为兔肉腥味的主体成分。     

忍冬藤提取物对兔离体肠平滑肌的舒张作用及其机制

【目的】胃肠平滑肌过度收缩可引起腹痛腹泻等临床常见的疾病。目前,临床上对治疗胃肠平滑肌过度收缩的药物主要以西药为主,如钙离子通道阻断药硝苯地平和抗胆碱药阿托品等,硝苯地平长期使用可引起负性肌力和负性传导的现象,而阿托品由于其不良反应较大,在临床应用中受到一定的限制。因此,开发具有有效防治胃肠平滑肌痉挛、低毒、低残留的天然中草药意义重大。试验以兔离体小肠平滑肌为研究对象,利用丰富的忍冬藤资源,研究忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的影响,并探讨其作用机制。【方法】采用兔离体小肠平滑肌试验,应用BL-420E生物机能实验系统,观察忍冬藤提取物对正常状态下兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩的影响;进而使用工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡致兔小肠痉挛性收缩后,观察忍冬藤提取物对其痉挛性收缩的影响;为研究忍冬藤提取物抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用机制,应用IP_3受体阻断剂肝素(HP)、肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红(RR)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME),探明忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌作用的机制。【结果】忍冬藤提取物可浓度依赖性抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩,药物浓度在7.5 g·L~(-1)时可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),药物浓度在5g·L~(-1)时可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.05);工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡可显著诱导兔小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅,忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制由乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡诱导的兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.01)。IP_3受体阻断剂肝素能增强忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01),而肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红对忍冬藤提取物舒张兔小肠平滑肌的作用无明显影响(P0.05)。左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯能够部分阻断忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01)。【结论】忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率和振幅,其机制可能与增加一氧化氮浓度,抑制IP_3受体介导的内钙释放有关,但对肌浆网ryanodine受体途径引起的内钙释放无关。     

Anatomical variation of arterial supply to the rabbit spleen

The rabbit, which is widely used as an experimental animal and is also popular as a companion animal, has a flat and elongated spleen with the longitudinal hilus running along its visceral surface. The spleen receives via the hilus an arterial supply that is essential for splenic nutrition and normal functioning. However, the distribution and variation of the arteries to the spleen have not been studied in detail. This study investigated anatomical variations of splenic arterial supply in 33 New Zealand White rabbits with a colored latex injection into arteries. We also examined whether the length of the spleen correlated with the number of the splenic branches of the splenic artery. The splenic artery always arose as the first independent branch of the celiac artery and ran along the splenic hilus to usually provide 6 (range, 3 to 10) splenic branches to the spleen. There was a moderate correlation (R=0.6) between the number of splenic branches and the longitudinal length of the spleen. The splenic branches often arose as a trunk or trunks in common with short gastric arteries. The number of common trunk(s) was usually 1 (range, 0 to 4). The data showed that the pattern and number of arterial branches to the spleen varied according to the individual animal, suggesting that such variations should be considered when performing experimental and veterinary surgical treatments in rabbits.