土壤管理措施对坡耕地侵蚀退化耕层的恢复作用

【目的】紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重,研究土壤管理措施对不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层侵蚀恢复作用,为紫色土坡耕地耕层质量调控和坡耕地持续利用提供理论及实践依据。【方法】采用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）检验各指标的差异显著性,研究不施肥（CK）、施化肥（F）、施生物炭+化肥（BF）3种土壤管理措施对侵蚀0 cm（S_-0）、侵蚀5 cm（S_-5）、侵蚀10 cm（S_-10）、侵蚀15 cm（S_-15）、侵蚀20 cm（S_-20） 5个不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤属性的恢复作用。【结果】（1）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤砂粒含量由38.1%—42.4%逐渐增至44.2%—46.4%,土壤黏粒含量由12.6%—14.8%逐渐减少至9.6%—11.0%;与S_-0、S_-5、S_-10相比,S_-15、S_-20土壤容重显著增大;S_-10侵蚀程度下,土壤抗剪强度最大,在8.71—9.56 kg·cm^-2之间;F、BF处理下S_-15侵蚀程度的土壤稳定入渗率、平均入渗率降幅均最大。（2）不同管理措施下坡耕地耕层土壤属性差异显著,BF处理下土壤砂粒含量小、黏粒含量最大,0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层土壤容重显著低于CK（P<0.05）,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均显著高于CK、F处理;BF处理下土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率均最大,CK处理最小;与CK处理相比,BF处理土壤抗剪强度显著增大。（3）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤可蚀性K值显著下降,与S_-0相比,S_-20侵蚀程度下土壤可蚀性K值下降0.1960%—0.2192%;BF处理下土壤可蚀性K值最大,F处理次之,CK最小;S_-10侵蚀程度下F、BF处理的K值均较CK增加幅度最大,分别增加0.0684%、0.1404%。【结论】施加生物炭+化肥在改善土壤物质组成、结构特征、提高土壤蓄渗性能等方面较单施化肥效果更为显著,可有效减轻紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤侵蚀,对侵蚀10 cm条件下的坡耕地耕作层（0—20 cm）土壤的改良效果最佳。     

Shortening the generation cycle in faba bean (Vicia faba) by application of cytokinin and cold stress to assist speed breeding

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10^–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non-cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10^–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time.     

In vitro and in vivo selection of probiotic purple nonsulphur bacteria with an ability to inhibit shrimp pathogens: acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease‐causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios

Shrimp cultivation has been faced with huge losses in productivity caused by infectious shrimp pathogenic vibrios, especially Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Hence, purple nonsulphur bacteria (PNSB) were isolated from shrimp ponds for investigating their abilities to control shrimp pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their use as probiotics for sustainable shrimp cultivation. Based on their probiotic properties, strains S3W10 and SS15 were selected because of their strong abilities to produce amylase, gelatinase and vitamin B12. However, only three PNSB strains (SS15, TKW17 and STW181) strongly inhibited V. harveyi_KSAAHRC and V. vulnificus_KSAAHRC including V. parahaemolyticusAHPND strains by secreting antivibrio compounds. Four selected PNSB also grew in the presence of pancreatic enzymes, and they were identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides for strains S3W10, SS15 and TKW17 and Afifella marina for strain STW181. The effects of a mixed culture were also investigated as follows: T1 (S3W10 + SS15), T2 (S3W10 + TKW17) and T3 (S3W10 + STW181) on postlarval white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for 60 days by comparison with a control. All three probiotic PNSB sets significantly improved the digestive enzyme activities and shrimp growth with their proliferation in shrimp gastrointestinal tract although the shrimp survival was not significantly different. They also significantly reduced the cumulative mortality of shrimp exposed to a virulent AHPND strain (V. parahaemolyticusSR2). This is the first to conclude that selected probiotic PNSB strains have great potential to be used for shrimp cultivation to control vibrios including AHPND strains.     

不同LED光质对紫甘蓝幼苗生长的影响

以紫甘蓝品种‘紫辉甘蓝’为试材,在南方塑料大棚内密闭式光照植物培养架中,采用新型LED光源研究了不同光质对紫甘蓝幼苗生长的影响,试验共设置6个处理:R(红)、B(蓝)、8R2B(红光∶蓝光=8∶2)、5R5B(红光∶蓝光=5∶5)、2R8B(红光∶蓝光=2∶8)和荧光灯(对照CK)。结果表明:(1)在8R2B处理下,紫甘蓝幼苗地下部鲜重、地上部鲜重、单株鲜重、株高、根体积、根总表面积和根投影面积均最大;(2)与CK相比,不同光质处理均提高了幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量,以2R8B处理最高;(3)与CK相比,除R处理的幼苗可溶性蛋白质含量降低外,其它处理均有助于幼苗可溶性蛋白质含量的积累,以8R2B处理最高;(4)可溶性糖含量以R处理最高;(5)与CK相比,各光质处理均显著降低了幼苗MDA含量,以B处理效果最显著,8R2B和5R5B次之;(6)各光质处理对紫甘蓝幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量的影响与CK相比无显著性差异。     

电渗析与酸淋洗模拟紫色土酸化的效果比较

为了比较电渗析与酸淋洗试验模拟紫色土酸化的效果,在重庆地区采集了不同pH(5.00和7.06)的2个紫色土,分别进行不同天数(1,2,5,7,10天)的电渗析和酸淋洗试验处理,并分析了试验处理前后土壤的酸度特征和交换性盐基成分含量变化。结果表明,在整个10天的淋溶处理过程中,2种紫色土的pH均无显著变化,说明紫色土具有一定的酸缓冲能力,短期的酸雨淋溶不能实现紫色土的严重酸化。而采用电渗析处理10天后,中性紫色土和酸性紫色土的pH分别降低3.4和1.1个单位。在整个电渗析处理过程中,土壤的交换性酸含量显著升高,盐基离子大量淋失。电渗析可以实现对紫色土的快速酸化处理。2种紫色土中,电渗析处理后中性紫色土的酸化程度大于酸性紫色土。这是由于中性紫色土的表面负电荷量更高,导致更多致酸离子吸附在土壤胶体表面,最终造成中性紫色土的酸化程度更加严重。因此,电渗析处理比酸雨淋溶处理对紫色土酸化效果更好,且可用于紫色土的酸化机理研究。进一步结合2种方法的技术可操作性,认为电渗析法是研究紫色土酸化问题的一种有效技术手段。     

栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长及花荚形成的影响

为探明栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长和花荚形成的影响规律，田间试验设置21.0（D₁）、30.0（D₂）、48.0（D₃）×104株·hm^-2 3种栽培密度，研究了新大豆27号、新大豆8号在0~60 cm土层中根系生长、开花、结荚过程及产量的变化。结果表明，相对于D1，D2、D3密度下新大豆27号总根干重增加了23.68%、18.48%，总根长增加了9.33%、26.72%，新大豆8号总根干重增加了27.25%、19.71%，总根长增加了6.94%、30.80%，且增量以40~60 cm为主；增加至密度D₃时，新大豆27号开花和结荚高峰出现时间较D₁分别推迟了2、8 d，新大豆8号推迟了2、6 d，但二者单位面积的总花数、总荚数、总腔数和总粒数分别较D₁提高了51.92%、10.29%、7.66%、23.05%和49.47%、31.91%、35.40%、16.11%；总花数与始荚期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系，新大豆27号R²值分别为0.8477^*、0.9106^*，新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7531、0.9993^**；总腔数与始粒期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系，新大豆27号R²值分别为0.6954、0.9837^**，新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7902^*、0.9277^*；且根长度与总花数、总腔数的关系比根干重更密切。合理密植显著提高大豆籽粒产量，是密植促进了大豆根系生长，增加了单位面积总根长和深层根量，进而增加了单位面积花数、荚数、腔数和粒数的结果。     

花生荚果发育及其调控研究进展

花生是重要的油料与经济作物，在农业种植业结构调整中发挥重要作用。荚果是花生的收获器官，深入 研究花生荚果发育及其调控，可以为高产育种提供理论依据。本文从花生荚果发育过程和内外限制因素的调控作 用，并结合激素、营养元素、遗传学研究以及DNA、RNA等分子调控机制，综述了近年来花生荚果发育相关的研究进 展，为后续研究提供参考。     

不同花生品种对花生果腐病的抗性鉴定

采用自然病圃鉴定法，对76个花生品种（系）进行了花生果腐病抗性评价，以期为抗病育种及田间病害防 治提供理论依据和抗性材料。结果表明，不同花生品种间对花生果腐病的抗性存在着显著差异，供试76份花生品 种（系）中未发现对果腐病免疫的品种，获得高抗品种2个，抗病品种7个，中抗品种12个，感病品种21个，高感品种 33个。聚类分析结果表明，分支I中的9个品种（尤其是花育9115）抗性较好，可进一步加以利用。花生对果腐病的 抗感性与荚果鲜重之间不存在显著相关。     

紫甘蓝吐司的配方优化及其质构特性研究

研究了紫甘蓝泥、酵母、面包改良剂和烤焙油对紫甘蓝吐司品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以感官评分为判断标准,通过正交试验确定吐司的最佳工艺配方并对感官品质和质构特性的关系进行分析。结果表明:当紫甘蓝泥添加量9.0%,酵母添加量1.2%,面包改良剂添加量0.6%,烤焙油添加量6.0%时,研制出的紫甘蓝吐司感官品质最佳。同时,利用逐步回归分析法建立感官评分与质构特性间的最优线性回归模型:Y(感官评分)=-92.388+18.315X2(弹性)。本研究为紫甘蓝吐司的研发与生产提供理论参考。     

High night-time temperature during flowering and pod filling affects flower opening,yield and seed fatty acid composition in canola

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures during the reproductive and pod-filling stages. Although the impact of high day-time temperature stress on yield and quality has been documented in canola, similar information under high night-time temperature (HNT) stress is not available. Using six hybrids and four open-pollinated cultivars, we observed a marked shift in peak flowering towards earlier, cooler hours of the morning under HNT. Averaged across two independent experiments, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was significantly decreased (3%), with a significant increase in thylakoid membrane damage (13%) in the leaves of susceptible cultivars under HNT stress. Similarly, the susceptible cultivars also recorded significant reduction in biomass (34%), pod number (22%), pod weight (37%) and total seed weight (40%) per plant while the same set of agronomic traits were not affected among the tolerant cultivars. Quantitative impact of heat stress was confirmed with increased sensitivity to HNT exposure from gametogenesis until maturity resulting in a significantly higher yield loss compared to stress exposure from post-flowering till maturity. HNT significantly decreased oil concentration, but increased protein concentration and saturated fatty acid levels in seeds of the susceptible cultivars. However, HNT had no impact on the unsaturated fatty acids in both hybrids and the open-pollinated cultivars. Breeding targets based on fatty acid composition for enhancing canola seed quality may not be easily amenable due to the inconsistency documented with the compositional changes under heat stress. In summary, our findings conclude that canola hybrids are better suited to regions experiencing heat stress, compared to open-pollinated cultivars, indicating the possibility of a complete shift to hybrid canola cultivation under predicted hotter climates in the future.