川麦42和川农16抗穗发芽QTL定位及聚合效应分析

【目的】小麦穗发芽严重影响小麦产量和品质,是全球小麦生产面临的重大问题之一。通过鉴定挖掘抗穗发芽QTL,聚合穗发芽抗性位点,选育抗穗发芽小麦品种,为四川小麦穗发芽抗性改良提供技术和材料支撑。【方法】以川麦42/川农16重组自交系（RIL,F₈）为材料,于2016—2018年分别在2个环境下对RIL群体进行籽粒发芽指数（GI,2016和2018）、籽粒发芽率（GR,2016和2018）和整穗发芽率（SGR,2017和2018）3个穗发芽指标测定。利用90K SNP芯片构建的遗传图谱检测全基因组穗发芽相关QTL,并分析抗性QTL聚合效应。【结果】双亲间GI、GR和SGR指标值差异显著,亲本川农16穗发芽抗性明显优于亲本川麦42。共检测到11个与穗发芽抗性有关的QTL,主要分布在2B、2D、3A、3D、4A、5A、5B和6B染色体上。5B染色体上检测到的单个环境表达的整穗发芽QTL解释的表型变异率最大,达到29%;在2D和3A染色体上检测到的整穗发芽主效QTL,以及5A染色体上检测到的与种子休眠相关的籽粒发芽主效QTL,在2个环境下均能表达,其抗穗发芽等位变异均来源于川农16。基因型分析发现,RIL群体中不同株系聚合抗性QTL的数量变幅为1—9个,表现为抗穗发芽的株系均携带4—9个与穗发芽相关的抗性QTL。重组自交系群体中6个株系GI、GR和SGR值均在15%以下,表现出高抗穗发芽特性;这6个优异株系聚合了多个与穗发芽相关的抗性QTL,且均聚合了川麦42在4A染色体上的微效QTL（QGi.saas-4A和QGr.saas-4A）,以及川农16在2D和5B染色体上的主效QTL（QSgr.saas-2D和QSgr.saas-5B）;编号为104和125的优异株系已通过审定,定名为川麦104和川麦64。其中,川麦104于2012年同时通过国家和四川省审定,其抗穗发芽能力强,产量、品质、抗病等优良性状突出,聚合了7个正向穗发芽QTL,包括2B、2D和5B染色体上来源于川农16的4个抗性QTL（QGi.saas-2B、QGr.saas-2B、QSgr.saas-2D和QSgr.saas-5B）,以及4A和6B染色体上来源于川麦42的3个QTL（QGi.saas-4A、QGr.saas-4A和QGr.saas-6B）;近年来,川麦104已成为西南麦区小麦育种的核心亲本,育成小麦品种（系）18个。【结论】共检测到11个抗穗发芽QTL,其中3个来源于川麦42,8个来源于川农16;RIL群体中的抗穗发芽株系均携带4—9个抗性QTL,优异株系川麦104和川麦64高抗穗发芽,均聚合了7个穗发芽抗性QTL。     

The heterogeneous distribution of α-amylase and endoxylanase activity over a population of preharvest sprouted wheat kernels and their localization in individual kernels

To develop targeted approaches to improve the quality of preharvest sprouted (PHS) wheat as a raw material for food manufacturing, knowledge on the nature and distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in PHS wheat is crucial. Results of the present study indicate that α-amylase and endoxylanase activities are heterogeneously distributed among a population of PHS kernel. Within individual severely sprouted kernels, the enzyme activities are heterogeneously distributed throughout the different tissues. α-Amylase activity, almost exclusively of endogenous nature, is mainly detected in the germ region and to a lesser extent in the aleurone layer. Endoxylanase activity is predominantly of microbial origin and located on the kernel surface. In spite of this, light and epifluorescence microscopy show decreased kernel integrity and cell wall breakdown in the crushed cells layer, the endosperm, and the aleurone layer in a selection of kernels upon preharvest sprouting. This knowledge offers opportunities for the development of treatments to reduce the enzyme load in PHS wheat at postharvest level to improve its flour quality.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

机械损伤及埋土深度对杉木萌蘖及抗氧化酶活性的影响

  目的  研究分析机械损伤处理下杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata无性系萌蘖能力与抗氧化酶活性的相关关系，从酶活性代谢生理角度阐述杉木萌蘖机制，为解决杉木无性系萌蘖问题提供理论依据。  方法  以杉木无性系洋020的1年生扦插苗为材料，通过盆栽试验，设置去顶和未去顶处理，0、3、6 cm埋土深度处理，在萌蘖初期、中期、后期分别取样，观测无性系萌蘖状况，通过酶活吸光度方法测定杉木无性系萌蘖过程中枝叶、基部韧皮部、根尖等不同器官超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性差异，并进行相关性分析。  结果  随着埋土深度的增加，去顶和未去顶不同埋土深度杉木无性系苗萌蘖能力均呈降低的趋势，且不同埋土深度处理会影响植物的抗氧化酶的活性。随着埋土深度的增加，杉木幼苗枝叶SOD活性呈上升趋势，CAT活性呈下降趋势；埋土6 cm处理有利于增强枝叶及根尖POD的活性。  结论  机械损伤和不同埋土深度对杉木无性萌蘖有一定的影响；同一埋土深度，去顶处理杉木无性系的萌蘖能力高于未去顶处理。不同器官植物抗氧化酶活性是影响杉木无性系机械损伤和不同埋土深度处理萌蘖的主要影响因子之一。图3表3参18     

杉木干基萌芽能力的遗传变异

分析了两片杉木子代林伐桩和杉木无性系采穗圃萌条数量的遗传变异情况。结果表明：杉木子代林伐桩萌条数量在产地间、产地内家系间及组合间均存在极显著差异，并有中等以上遗传力；遗传变异系数在３７％～３９％之间；产地的遗传方差分量与产地内家系间的相近。伐桩萌条数量与基径粗度的关系随伐桩年龄的变化而表现不一；不同砍伐季节伐桩萌条数量也存在较大差异。杉木无性系采穗圃无性系间有效萌条数量存在极显著差异，无性系的萌芽能力有较高的重复力。     

杉木萌芽纯林与混交林生长量及经济效益的研究

在杉木林采伐迹地上,通过不炼山、套种火力楠与深山含笑,进行杉木萌芽纯林与混交林的对比试验,9a试验结果表明:混交林中杉木的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、地上部分单株生物量分别比杉木萌芽纯林增加4 04%、8 75%、16 3%、1 43%;混交林中火力楠和深山含笑生长良好,混交林总蓄积量和乔木层地上部分总生物量分别为杉木纯林的1 47倍和1 32倍;混交林的投入产出比高于杉木萌芽纯林,说明本模式是恢复和提高杉木连栽地土壤生产力的可行方法。     

木荷种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG(6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究木荷种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:木荷种子的萌发率、幼苗生长及累积吸水率与PEG溶液的渗透势之间呈显著的负相关关系,但渗透势为-0.3~-0.6 MPa时,种子的萌发率比对照要高一些。在渗透势达到-1.8 MPa时,仍有少量种子(5.2%)能萌发,说明木荷种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫能力。另外,经PEG处理后复水,种子的萌发率均高于对照的32.4%,提示PEG处理可以打破木荷种子的休眠现象。     

The effects of cis-trans ABA on embryo germination and seed dormancy in wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting of wheat grain can cause economic losses especially in cultivars with low levels of seed dormancy. The aim of this study was to determine genotype differences in embryo sensitivity to germination in response to exogenous (+/–) cis-trans ABA treatments at different concentrations. Six white and four red seed-colored bread wheat genotypes that differed in dormancy were grown in a field near Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 2000 as a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The seed samples from this experiment were germinated in a controlled environment at 20 °C without light. The exogenous ABA treatments were 0 μM – whole seed (control), 0 μM-embryos, 25 μM – embryos and 50 μM – embryos. The ABA experiment was a factorial design with four randomized complete blocks with four ABA treatments in all combinations with the ten genotypes. A weighted (by day) germination index (WGI) was calculated for each genotype in each ABA treatment. Genotypes differed in response to ABA. The genotypes, ABA concentration and genotype by ABA concentration interaction effects were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Excised embryos showed significantly decreased dormancy in most of the experimental genotypes. The addition of exogenous ABA enhanced embryo dormancy of most genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular and genealogical analysis of grain dormancy in Japanese wheat varieties,with specific focus on MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 on chromosome 3A

In the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Zenkoujikomugi’, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 on chromosome 3A (MFT-3A) causes an increase in the level of gene expression, resulting in strong grain dormancy. We used a DNA marker to detect the ‘Zenkoujikomugi’-type (Zen-type) SNP and examined the genotype of MFT-3A in Japanese wheat varieties, and we found that 169 of 324 varieties carry the Zen-type SNP. In Japanese commercial varieties, the frequency of the Zen-type SNP was remarkably high in the southern part of Japan, but low in the northern part. To examine the relationship between MFT-3A genotype and grain dormancy, we performed a germination assay in three wheat-growing seasons. On average, the varieties carrying the Zen-type SNP showed stronger grain dormancy than the varieties carrying the non-Zen-type SNP. Among commercial cultivars, ‘Iwainodaichi’ (Kyushu), ‘Junreikomugi’ (Kinki-Chugoku-Shikoku), ‘Kinuhime’ (Kanto-Tokai), ‘Nebarigoshi’ (Tohoku-Hokuriku), and ‘Kitamoe’ (Hokkaido) showed the strongest grain dormancy in each geographical group, and all these varieties, except for ‘Kitamoe’, were found to carry the Zen-type SNP. In recent years, the number of varieties carrying the Zen-type SNP has increased in the Tohoku-Hokuriku region, but not in the Hokkaido region.