江西省数字农业发展现状、问题与建议

数字农业的发展对于农业现代化转型升级具有重要意义。根据江西省县域数字农业相关数据和文献资料,分析江西省数字农业发展现状,指出目前江西省数字农业发展存在数据服务配套不完善、小农户应用困难以及法律法规政策建设相对落后等问题,提出应加强数字农业信息服务支持力度、培育新型农业经营主体,以及强化政策顶层设计等建议。     

财税激励政策助推食用菌企业转型升级

针对食用菌产业中出现的菌种选取不精,产量过剩,加工发展缓慢和环境污染以及技术创新力度不足等问题,政府相关部门应出台一系列的财税激励政策,重点推进食用菌产业全面的转型升级,切实提高食用菌产业的经济效益。通过分析食用菌产业发展的市场状况,总结食用菌产业转型升级的限制因素,为加快企业转型升级提出相应的财税激励政策建议,以推动食用菌产业的创新发展。     

Regional inequality: An analysis under the core–peripheral model

Desmet, Gumpert, and Ort?n have analyzed regional development using the Ricardian model or the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem. However, aspects such as consideration of combined wages, substitution elasticities, marginal costs, fixed costs, and number of companies were completely ignored. This study investigates the underdevelopment of regions in light of Krugman`s core–peripheral model. The extension of the model is intended to analyze the aspects that have so far been ignored and their influence on the benefits of the two regions. The following aspects characterize the model. Two regions with two sectors are considered for the model. The regions are characterized by different technological equipment. The first region is industrial. The second region has an agricultural character. When a new technology is available, both regions can benefit under certain conditions. The financial transfers lead to a convergence of wages.     

台湾地区乡村创业政策对于大陆乡村的启示

【目的/意义】通过研究台湾和大陆乡村的创业政策,积极探索自上而下的国家战略和自下而上的实际需求相互结合的乡村创业政策制定方法,为实现乡村振兴提供参考。【方法/过程】该文采用政策梳理、总结与对比的研究方法,对大陆乡村创客政策进行分析,总结其相关特点和问题。同时,梳理台湾地区乡村创客政策类型和特点,总结其在乡建人才的长效吸引、有认同性的活动策划及政策的长效跟踪等方面的可借鉴经验。【结果/结论】研究结果表明:创业政策有明确恰当的导向是创业成功的基础,而政策对人长期的吸引是振兴的迫切需求,由活动带动建设是活力重塑的关键,政策的长效跟踪是有效实施的保障。     

黑龙江省农业生态补偿政策执行效果优化探究

黑龙江省作为农业大省，身系国家粮食安全与粮食储备重要任务，其优质农业生态环境是重 要基础保障。但是近几年由于追求农业经济快速发展，农民保护农业生态环境意识并没有跟上，造成 了农业环境破坏，影响了农业生态可持续发展。对此省政府也出台了一系列农业生态补偿政策，但是 在政策执行过程中仍存在政策执行不够到位、体系缺陷、监管薄弱和环境制约等问题，为保证农业生 态补偿政策有效执行，建议提升政府执行能力、完善政策执行体系、监督主体的多元化和优化政策执 行环境。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

中国工业大麻种业创新发展策略研究

工业大麻是重要的经济作物，中国是工业大麻生产和出口大国。然而，工业大麻种业发展滞后对我国工业大麻高质量发展提出严峻挑战的问题。本研究采用实地调研和文献综述的方法，分析了当前国内工业大麻种业的发展态势和存在的问题，探讨我国工业大麻种业创新发展路径。研究表明，我国工业大麻种业构建了全国行业标准和地方法律规范相结合的政策保障体系，推动了育种创新主体由公益性科研院所向企业转变，创建了以多用途为特色的育种技术体系，形成了良种区域化的种植格局和技术服务体系，奠定了该产业创新发展的基础。但缺乏国家层面或跨区域协同的工业大麻法规体系、育种繁种技术资源分散和低效率共存、面临国外种业知识产权布局先发优势挑战、商业化育种体系不完善等问题成为主要障碍。因此，提出了加快完善政策保障体系、培育多元育种体系、打造生产经营体系、构建国际合作体系，以期提升工业大麻种业创新发展能力。     

Soil risk maps – Interpreting soils data for policy makers,agencies and industry

Surface runoff, erosion, compaction and the leaching of potential pollutants from land can degrade the soil resource and damage the water environment, reducing crop yields, causing loss of valuable nutrients and organic matter, together with increasing flood risk. Increasingly, it is recognized that scientific information must be translated into practical tools to change practices and protect the soil and water resource. Working alongside agencies in Scotland, we applied a suite of simple, transparent, rule-based models to identify areas most at risk of exporting sediment and pollutants that may degrade water quality based on field-scale (1:25,000) soil maps. The maps have been used by Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Water and Scottish Government to assess soil risks to waters from field to regional scale. The work brought scientists together with policy makers, agencies and the water industry to pool their knowledge to apply these practical tools for decision-making. It highlights the need to apply existing knowledge to answer salient questions. All three examples described show that providing the right type of information, which is based on fundamental soils data, can directly influence the implementation of policies, investment and monitoring decisions and provide evidence in support of government. However, this requires both researchers and agency scientists to develop skills as knowledge brokers and to normalize the use of soil data in everyday agency settings.     

我国生态草牧业政策梳理及评价

草牧业是以草为基础的畜牧业,是在传统畜牧业和草业基础上提升的新型生态草畜产业。我国草原面积近60亿亩,草地畜牧业发展拥有巨大潜力,如何实现草地资源可持续利用是当前政策制定者面临的重要任务与挑战。本研究借鉴柳卸林的政策分析框架,梳理2000年以来我国政府颁布的草牧业政策,并基于呼伦贝尔地区的农、牧户调研,辨识草牧业发展的政策缺口,厘清当地生态草牧业发展中不同利益相关者的需求与困境,为长期的政策制定提供支撑。     

新乡贤队伍建设与乡村振兴:来自绍兴的调查与研究

作为"乡贤研究会"首创之地和"新乡贤"概念诞生之地,绍兴市自然也是新乡贤队伍建设的先行之地,已经成为全国乡贤文化之乡和新乡贤队伍建设的标杆。绍兴市的新乡贤队伍建设,肇始于2001年上虞乡贤研究会的成立,在2015年的乡贤政策年臻于高峰。经过多年培育和发展,定位为"村民自治的有益补充"、起"补位和辅助作用"的近2万新乡贤队伍,在乡村经济、文化、公益、自治等方面发挥着积极作用,但与此同时也显现了新乡贤队伍建设流于形式、结构相对失衡,以及党政介入过度、党政机构与新乡贤组织职责和权力边界不清晰等问题。解剖这一领先全国的典型个案,对于其他地区的新乡贤队伍建设和现代乡村振兴,无疑具有较好的理论意义和现实价值。