青海省不同生态区蚕豆根瘤菌16S rDNA分析

为了阐明青海省蚕豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,同时为发现和获得新的根瘤菌物种提供资源,采集和分离了青海省不同生态区蚕豆主栽品种青蚕14中的根瘤菌,并对其中分离到的6个菌株(CD1~6)进行16S rDNA鉴定分析。将6株蚕豆根瘤菌的全序列结果与NCBI中已报道的序列进行相似性比对,发现其相似度较高,其中供试菌株CD4与KF008225.1相似度最高,达到98%,其余均在95%到96%之间。6株供试菌分属4个菌属,CD1和CD2共属节细菌属,CD3属于分枝杆菌属,CD4和CD5属于快生根瘤菌属,CD6属于中慢生根瘤菌属,表明来自不同地区的蚕豆根瘤菌存在较大差异。聚类分析结果显示,蚕豆根瘤菌的6个菌株分属5个不同系统发育分支,证明青海省不同生态区蚕豆根瘤菌种类多样性较为丰富。     

太子参叶斑病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

采用形态学结合分子系统学方法对引起贵州黄平县和六枝道地中药材种植基地太子参叶斑病的病原菌进行鉴定,并以菌丝生长法对75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、37%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂、40%氟硅唑乳油以及1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂进行了室内药效筛选。结果表明:引起贵州太子参叶斑病的病原菌为Ascochyta versabilis,该病原菌为太子参病害新记录;5种杀菌剂除75%百菌清可湿性粉剂2 000倍对A.versabilis的抑菌率较低外(51.4%),其余4种供试杀菌剂均具有较强的抑菌作用。70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂2 000倍、37%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂2 000倍和40%氟硅唑乳油2 000倍对A.versabilis的生长具有较强的抑制作用,其抑制率均高于90%;1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂2 000倍对该病原菌的抑制率为72.3%。     

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FAMILY GENES IN WATERMELON AND THEIR RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES

• A total of 8 SOD genes from watermelon were identified and bioinformatically analyzed. • The SOD proteins from watermelon and other different plant species can be classified into five groups consistent with their metal cofactors. • ClSOD genes exhibited distinctive tissue-specific and abiotic stress responsive expression patterns. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme in the antioxidant system of plants and plays a vital role in stress responses by maintaining the dynamic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family in various plant species has been conducted but little is known about this gene family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Here, eight SOD genes were identified in the watermelon genome and are designated ClCSD1-5, ClFSD1-2 and ClMSD according to their metal cofactors. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SOD proteins from various plant species can be classified into five groups and members in the same group possess the same metal cofactor and similar subcellular localizations. Expression analysis of the ClSOD genes indicates that they had tissue-specific expression patterns with high expression in different tissues including the leaves, flowers and fruit. In addition, the expression of ClSOD genes differed appreciably under salinity, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, indicating that they may be involved in ROS scavenging under different abiotic stresses via an ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results lay the foundation for elucidating the function of ClSOD genes in stress tolerance and fruit development in watermelon.     

Two Complete Mitochondrial Genomes From Leuctridae (Plecoptera: Nemouroidea): Implications for the Phylogenetic Relationships Among Stoneflies

The family-level relationships within Plecoptera have been a focused area of research for a long time. Its higher classification remains unstable, and the phylogenetic relationships within Plecoptera should be re-examined. Here, we sequenced and analyzed two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Paraleuctra cercia and Perlomyia isobeae of the family Leuctridae. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Plecoptera based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) from published stoneflies. Our results showed that the Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood tree had similar topological structures except for the positions of two families, Peltoperlidae and Scopuridae. The Plecoptera is divided into two clades, the suborder Antarctoperlaria and the suborder Arctoperlaria. The two suborders subsequently formed two groups, Eusthenioidea and Gripopterygoidea, and Euholognatha and Systellognatha, which is consistent with the results of morphological studies. In addition, the Leuctridae is the earliest branch within the superfamily Nemouroidea. But the monophyly of Perloidea and Pteronarcyoidea are still not well supported.     

Life cycle inference and phylogeny of Ortholinea labracis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Ortholineidae), a parasite of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei: Moronidae), in a Portuguese fish farm

Ortholinea labracis n. sp. is described and its life cycle is inferred from a Southern Portuguese fish farm, with basis on microscopic and molecular procedures. This myxosporean parasite infects the urinary bladder of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax and the intestinal epithelium of a marine oligochaete of the genus Tectidrilus. Myxospores subspherical in valvular view and ellipsoidal in sutural view measuring 7.6 ± 0.3 (6.8–8.7) μm in length, 7.2 ± 0.2 (6.7–7.7) μm in width and 6.5 ± 0.4 (5.8–7.7) μm in thickness. Two polar capsules, 3.0 ± 0.2 (2.6–3.4) μm long and 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.0–2.9) μm wide, located at the same level, but with divergent orientation and opening to opposite sides of the suture line. Sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene revealed a similarity of 100% between the analysed myxospores and triactinomyxon actinospores. The phylogenetic setting of O. labracis n. sp. shows subgrouping in correlation with tissue tropism, but identifies this parasite as another exception to the main division of Myxosporea into the main freshwater and marine lineages.     

Pythium yorkensis sp. nov., a potential soybean pathogen from southeastern Pennsylvania,USA

Biodiversity surveys of natural as well as agricultural ecosystems commonly reveal novel isolates. A new species, Pythium yorkensis sp. nov., is reported here, isolated from field soil during a survey of oomycete diversity in symptomless soybean across southeastern Pennsylvania. Molecular data from both mitochondrial and nuclear loci support a unique phylogenetic position for the isolates collected, and morphological features distinguish this new species from close relatives in Pythium clade J. Pathogenicity assays suggest that this new species may be a potential agricultural pathogen, as isolates were mildly aggressive on soybean. This study highlights the continued need for culture‐based surveys in collaboration with high‐throughput sequence‐based approaches for environmental sampling.     

海南省温郁金炭疽病的病原鉴定

温郁金炭疽病是一种重要的真菌性病害,该病主要危害叶片,初期产生水渍状的淡黄色病斑,后逐渐扩大成圆形、椭圆形或不规则形的灰褐色病斑,上面有黑色小点,病斑外面环绕一层黄色晕圈,严重时多个病斑联合造成叶片卷缩和枯死,2016年我们从海南省的温郁金种植基地采集炭疽病样本,经病原菌的分离纯化、柯赫氏法则验证、病原菌的形态特征观察及多基因谱系分析方法,确定其病原菌为郁金炭疽菌Colletotrichum curcumae(Syd.)E.J.ButlerBisby。     

Genetic diversity of Botrytis in New Zealand vineyards and the significance of its seasonal and regional variation

Species‐ and population‐specific differences in fungicide resistance and aggressiveness within Botrytis makes basic data on genetic diversity important for understanding disease caused by this fungus. Genetic diversity of Botrytis was surveyed between 2008 and 2012 from grapes from five New Zealand wine‐growing regions. A total of 1226 isolates were gathered from symptomless flower buds at the start of the growing season and 1331 isolates from diseased fruit at harvest. Two species were found, B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea. Botrytis pseudocinerea was common in both Auckland vineyards sampled, and infrequent elsewhere. However, even in Auckland, it was rarely isolated from diseased fruit. The presence of the Boty and Flipper transposons was assessed. Isolates with all four transposon states (Boty only, Flipper only, both Boty and Flipper, no transposons) were found for both species. Both vineyards in the Auckland region had high numbers of Flipper‐only isolates at flowering; both vineyards from the Waipara region had high numbers of Boty‐only isolates at flowering. Most isolates from diseased fruit at harvest contained both transposons. These observations suggest that B. pseudocinerea, and isolates with one or both of the transposons missing, may be less aggressive than B. cinerea, or than isolates with both transposons present. Two clades were resolved within B. pseudocinerea, only one of which has been reported from European vineyards. Phylogenetic diversity within B. cinerea in New Zealand was similar to that known from Europe, including isolates that appear to match Botrytis ‘Group S’. The taxonomic implications of this genetic diversity are discussed.     

中国西北地区披碱草属植物所带内生真菌的培养特征

内生真菌与植物所形成的共生体普遍存在于冷季禾草中,共生体有利于提高宿主植物的生物和非生物抗性。虽然目前研究者们已对禾草内生真菌做了大量的研究,但是尚未发现对分布于中国西北地区披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌培养特征的研究。本研究从中国西北地区分离出15株来自不同地理种群披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌。通过分离培养,测定了这15株无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌的菌落生长速度,结果显示,这15株无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌菌落的平均生长速度为(0.41~0.85)mm/d,且生长速度与海拔具有相关性。分布在海拔低于3000m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌的菌落生长速度比生长于海拔高于3000m菌落的生长速度快。观察菌落发现,分布在海拔高于3000m的菌落正面特征较为一致,而分布在海拔低于3000m的菌落正面特征出现不同。另外,通过多基因联合建树发现,分布在海拔高于3000m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌聚在一个分支,而分布在海拔低于3000m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌呈现星状分布。由于目前尚未对中国西北地区披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌命名。因此,希望本研究结果能为该菌的命名提供理论依据。     

Hepatitis E virus in Cuba: A cross-sectional serological and virological study in pigs and people occupationally exposed to pigs

Surveillance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in risk groups is an important strategy to monitor its circulation pattern and to timely detect changes thereof. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the prevalence of HEV infections in pigs and humans from different regions of the country, to identify risk factors for increasing anti-HEV IgG prevalence and to characterize HEV strains. The presence of anti-HEV antibodies was assessed by commercial ELISA in serum samples from the general population, farm and slaughterhouse employees, as well as pigs sampled in the three regions of Cuba from February to September 2016. Overall, individuals with occupational exposure to swine or swine products (70/248, 28.2%) were 4 times more likely to be seropositive compared to the general population (25/285, 8.7%; OR: 4.18; p < .001). Within the risk group, risk factors included age, number of years working in a professional activity with direct exposure to swine, geographic region and distance between residence and closest professional swine setting, while wearing gloves had a protective effect. Prevalence of total anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 88.2% (165/187) and HEV RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 9.2% (16/173) swine stools. All HEV strains sequenced clustered within genotype 3. Some strains clearly belonged to subtype 3a, while another group of strains was related with subtypes 3b and 3 k but partial HEV sequences did not allow unequivocal subtype assignment. These findings suggest that the high HEV exposure in Cuban individuals with swine-related occupations could be due to enzootic HEV in certain regions, direct contact with infectious animals or their products as well as environmental contamination.