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1.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary choline levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolites in juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to supply 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 10,000 mg/kg choline chloride, and dietary choline levels were analysed to be 1,317 (basal diet), 1,721, 2,336, 3,294, 5,421 and 9,495 mg/kg, respectively. Dietary choline levels significantly influenced percent weight gain (PWG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), with the highest PWG was observed in shrimp fed the 5,421 mg/kg choline diet. However, there were no significant differences in proximate composition of whole body and muscle. Shrimp fed the diet containing 2,336 mg/kg choline had lower HDL and LDL in haemolymph than those fed the basal diet (1,317 mg/kg diet). Dietary choline prevented the accumulation of free radicals and improved antioxidant capacity by increasing catalase activity and reducing malondialdehyde content. Based on broken‐line regression and quadratic regression analysis between PWG against dietary choline levels, the optimal choline requirements were estimated to be 3,254.1 and 6,488.3 mg/kg for juvenile L. vannamei, respectively.  相似文献   
2.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.  相似文献   
3.
【目的】通过研究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素D3(VD3)对快大型黄羽肉种鸡及其子代肉鸡生产性能、胫骨指标与钙磷代谢的影响,确立黄羽肉种鸡VD3需要量,为黄羽肉种鸡营养需要量的制定提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用单因素随机分组设计,选用720只48周龄快大型岭南黄羽肉种母鸡,根据体重和产蛋率一致原则分为6个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复20只,各处理分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、800、1 600、2 400、3 200、4 000 IU·kg-1 VD3的试验饲粮,试验期8周。种鸡饲养试验结束后选取种蛋孵化,子代肉鸡按照种鸡的组别进行分组分栏饲喂(基础饲粮中含1 000 IU·kg-1VD3),试验期63d。【结果】(1)与对照组相比,添加800 IU·kg-1 VD3显著提高平均蛋重(P<0.05);添加1 600与3 200 IU·kg-1 VD3显著增加种蛋的蛋壳强度(P<0.05);添加1 600 IU·kg-1 VD3增加蛋壳厚度(P<0.05);添加4 000 IU·kg-1 VD3显著提高种鸡脱脂胫骨比例与骨密度(P<0.05),添加VD3可不同程度地提高种鸡胫骨折断力(P>0.05);添加VD3可提高种鸡血浆中钙、磷含量,降低AKP活性(P<0.05)。(2)种鸡饲粮添加VD3对子代肉鸡生长性能指标无显著影响(P>0.05);但与对照组相比,添加4 000 IU·kg-1 VD3显著提高子代鸡胫骨折断力(P<0.05),添加800、1 600或4 000 IU·kg-1VD3显著增加子代肉鸡胫骨密度(P<0.05),添加1 600—4 000 IU·kg-1VD3可不同程度地提高子代鸡脱脂胫骨比例(P>0.05);添加VD3提高了子代肉鸡1日龄血浆中钙、磷含量,降低AKP活性(P<0.05),但对21、63日龄子代肉鸡无显著影响(P>0.05)。【结论】饲粮中添加VD3显著影响黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、种蛋蛋壳品质、肉种鸡及其子代肉鸡胫骨指标与钙磷代谢。综合试验观测与回归模型来估测黄羽肉种鸡VD3需要量,饲粮添加800 IU·kg-1 VD3即可获得最优产蛋性能,1 650—1 828 IU·kg-1 VD3获得最优蛋品质,而获得种鸡和子代肉鸡最优胫骨性状均需要较高的种鸡饲粮VD3水平(4 000 IU·kg-1)。  相似文献   
4.
【目的】研究鲜食甜玉米需水量、需水规律及节水灌溉制度,指导其科学合理灌溉。【方法】连续开展2 a鲜食甜玉米田间灌溉试验,以群众高产种植经验为试验处理,在试验小区内安装智墒和云智能气象站采集土壤墒情、气象数据。分析了甜玉米全生育期土壤水分动态变化规律;计算了甜玉米逐日需水量和作物系数,分析了其需水量规律;针对实际灌溉中存在的问题,对甜玉米灌溉过程中土壤含水率上下限进行了优化。【结果】甜玉米土壤水分变化主要集中在10~30 cm之间,根系最大吸水深度为50 cm;2016—2017年甜玉米全生育期需水量分别为197.7 mm和212.9 mm,平均需水强度分别为3.0 mm/d和3.1 mm/d;需水强度呈现抽雄吐丝期灌浆乳熟期拔节期苗期的规律;甜玉米作物系数(Kc)苗期最小,抽雄吐丝期最大,2 a全生育期Kc平均值分别为0.63和0.67;经过灌溉制度优化,甜玉米全生育期灌水4次,净灌溉用水量较实际分别减少31.87%和33.97%。【结论】甜玉米需水量较小,需水规律和普通玉米相似,农业生产中应根据降雨情况适时补充灌溉。  相似文献   
5.
运用生物能量学模型预测草鱼生长、饲料需求和污染排放   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为预测不同生长阶段草鱼生长性能、饲料需求量和污染排放量,提高草鱼投喂管理水平,本研究运用特定增长率(SGR)、日增长率(DGC)、日均增重(ADG)和热积温系数(TGC)等生长模型计算草鱼在不同生长阶段的生长速率,并通过计算定期采样中实际观测值和预测值最小残差平方和法选出最优生长模型。饲料需求模型通过估算鱼类消化能需求量决定,根据能量收支原理,通过计算鱼体储积能(RE)、基础代谢能(He E)、摄食热增能(Hi E)以及尿液和鳃的代谢能(UE+ZE),来估算草鱼的消化能,再根据所用饲料的消化能含量来确定草鱼对饲料的需求量。草鱼污染物排放主要采用营养物质平衡法计算。在模型验证时,以粗蛋白分别为33%、28%、23%的饲料投喂不同生长阶段的草鱼,将草鱼体质量和饲料系数(FCR)的模型预测值与实际观测值进行比较。结果显示,与其他生长模型(SGR、ADG、DGC)相比,调整后的TGC模型能更精确预测草鱼的生长情况;草鱼体质量和FCR预测值与观测值之间显著相关;每生产1 t鱼(体质量为0.5~2 500 g),其消化能需求量约为1.55×107 k J,消耗1 t饲料或生产1 t鱼所排放的总固态污染物分别为440和623 kg。研究表明,该复合性营养模型可以有效地估计实际养殖中草鱼生长、饲料需求量和污染物排放量,有望为草鱼差异化上市、节省饲料成本、减少饲料浪费以及养殖场的污染评价提供有效的预判工具。  相似文献   
6.
Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, is a merobenthic octopus whose paralarvae have been successfully cultured up to juvenile octopuses. At present, high mortality during the paralarval period prevents the scaling from experimental rearing to commercial aquaculture. The aim of the study was to determine upper (CTMax) and lower (CTMin) thermal tolerance, acclimation response ratio (ARR) and thermal tolerance polygon of paralarvae from different culture conditions and subjected to seven acclimation temperatures (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18°C) during the first 5 days of paralarval life. Culture conditions were two types of egg incubation (maternal care and artificial incubators) and two feeding regimes (fed or starved). Fed paralarvae showed thermal preferendum, while unfed paralarvae preferred much higher temperatures than those of acclimation. CTMin and CTMax increased along with the acclimation temperature. Lower values of ARR were obtained in paralarvae from artificial incubation, with this type of paralarva showing the least adaptability to thermal changes. Starved paralarvae showed the lowest values for thermal tolerance range (TTR) and smaller areas of thermal polygon than fed paralarvae. Rearing temperatures above 16°C may be considered suboptimal to paralarvae and affected by the conditions during the embryonic incubation. Rearing temperatures below 8°C may be considered suboptimal for all hatched paralarvae. Therefore, the other temperatures within this range could be used in the context of improving the culture management of paralarvae.  相似文献   
7.
基于CROPWAT模型水稻需水量及灌溉制度研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为研究黑龙江松嫩平原南部地区气候变化对水稻需水量影响及水稻不同灌溉制度,基于黑龙江省庆安县1966~2015年气象、土壤数据和水稻作物参数,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析水稻生育期内需水量变化规律,利用CROPWAT模型计算水稻各生育期需水量、有效降雨和灌溉需水量,对不同典型年份水稻需水量和有效降雨作耦合度分析,制定水稻灌溉制度。结果表明,生育期内水稻需水量在气象因素共同作用下以13.68 mm·10年-1速率下降,变化范围为410.8~574.6 mm;该地区特枯水年、枯水年、平水年和丰水年水稻需水量分别为521.0、484.9、451.8、410.8 mm;水稻在拔节和抽穗期需水量较大,两个时期需水量在不同水文年下差异明显;不同水文年下6、7、8月主要需水时期,需水量与有效降雨耦合度均小于1;同一水文年下灌溉定额均为淹水灌溉>"浅、湿"灌溉>干湿交替灌溉>控制灌溉,淹水灌溉灌溉次数最多,干湿交替灌溉模式灌溉次数最少;不同水文年下与淹水灌溉灌溉定额相比水稻"浅、湿"灌溉、干湿交替灌溉和控制灌溉节水效果明显,分别可节水6.3%~13.4%、29.1%~39.4%、30.6%~42.6%。有效降雨量难以满足水稻需水要求,在水稻生育期内应根据不同典型年选择合适灌溉制度灌溉,并在拔节孕穗、抽穗开花两个高耗水时期加强灌溉。  相似文献   
8.
茶树品种是茶产业发展的基础。改革开放40年来我国育成了大批的优良茶树品种,为产业发展发挥了重要作用。新《种子法》和《非主要农作物品种登记办法》要求茶树进行非主要农作物品种登记。本文介绍了非主要农作物品种登记的对象、条件、需提交材料和登记程序,重点讨论了茶树品种登记前要准备的具体材料,简单分析了2018-2019年已经完成登记的48个茶树品种的基本情况,并对未来茶树品种登记提出了3点建议。  相似文献   
9.
The effect of variable taurine inclusion (Tau) (1 g/kg DM to 15 g/kg DM) in the diet of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) on growth and nutrient utilization was investigated at three levels of dietary methionine (Met) supplementation. Diets were fed to juvenile barramundi (starting weight: 26.8 g) twice daily under a restricted pair‐fed regime for a period of 42 days. No significant effect of dietary Tau supply on growth or nutrient utilization was observed at any level of Met inclusion. Numerical variations suggested a positive effect of Tau provision at the mid‐level of supplementation (6–8 g/kg DM). The best‐fit response model (5‐SKM), fitted to the percentage body weight gain data of fish fed diets with an adequate level of Met, suggested a relatively weak pattern of response (R2 = 0.183) and predicted a Tau requirement of 5.47 g/kg DM (9.64 g/kg CP) similar to that reported for several other species. It was concluded that taurine appears to be conditionally essential to barramundi, whereby provision in the diet when sulphur amino acid supply is insufficient to meet biosynthetic demands may be beneficial, but that the predicted requirement is likely reasonably accurate for use as a minimum level of inclusion.  相似文献   
10.
With increasing demand for sustainable production, the need to effectively utilise site-based resources increases. One such resource is the remaining crop residues, both above and below ground, after harvest. In order to assess the magnitude of this resource, this study determined the plant nutrient contribution of residues from 17 different crops in seven different regions of Slovakia over a nine-year period. The soil profile 0.0–0.3?m was taken into account at belowground residues sampling. The results showed that winter rape, mustard, corn maize, triticale, winter rye with straw and sunflower left the most residues, exceeding 8 tons of dry biomass per hectare. Root crops (sugar beet, potatoes) and peas left less than 3 tons of residual dry biomass per hectare. Using these data, the nutrient potential coefficient, i.e. the amount of nutrients left by production of one ton of the main product was calculated by polynomial regression. With these coefficients and the known yield of a given crop, it was possible to calculate how much nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium each crop leaves in the soil after harvest. It was found that the amount of nitrogen left ranged from 20 to 132?kg, phosphorus from 2 to 24?kg and potassium from 13 to 218?kg per hectare. This has to be taken into account when calculating the fertiliser requirement of the subsequent crop in order to achieve better resource utilisation, thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication and improving farm profits by reducing expenditure on fertiliser.  相似文献   
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