环丙沙星在大鼠体内的生理药动学模型的血流图设计

【目的】建立更能准确预测环丙沙星在大鼠体内药物浓度经时变化的生理药动学模型。【方法】通过搜集环丙沙星的理化性质、药动学特点及大鼠的生理生化参数,根据生理学和解剖学知识及质能守恒定律,对模型进行了必要的前提假设。【结果】成功设计了环丙沙星在大鼠的生理药动学模型的血流图。【结论】血流图的成功设计,为环丙沙星在大鼠的生理药动学模型的建立奠定了良好的基础。     

DYNAMIC CONTRAST‐ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CANINE BRAIN TUMORS

We evaluated dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) in canine brain tumors. Magnetic resonance data sets were collected on seven canine intracranial tumors with a 3 T magnet using a T1‐weighted fast spin echo fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequence after an IV bolus injection (0.2 mmol/kg) of Gd‐DTPA. The tumors were confirmed histopathologically as adenocarcinoma (n=1), ependymoma (n=1), meningioma (n=3), oligodendroglioma (n=1), and pituitary macroadenoma (n=1) The data were analyzed using a two‐compartment pharmacokinetic model for estimation of three enhancement parameters, E_R (rate of enhancement), K_el (rate of elimination), and K_ep (rate constant), and a model‐free phenomenologic parameter initial area under the Gd concentration curve (IAUGC) defined over the first 90 s postenhancement. Pearson's correlations were calculated between parameters of the two methods. The IAUGC has a relatively strong association with the rate of enhancement E_R, with r ranges from 0.4 to 0.9, but it was weakly associated with K_ep and K_el. To determine whether any two tumors differed significantly, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used. The results showed that there were statistical differences (P<0.05) between distributions of the enhancement pattern of each tumor. These kinetic parameters may characterize the perfusion and vascular permeability of the tumors and the IAUGC may reflect blood flow, vascular permeability, and the fraction of interstitial space. The kinetic parameters and the IAUGC derived from DCE‐MRI present complementary information and they may be appropriate to noninvasively differentiate canine brain tumors although a larger prospective study is necessary.     

诺氟沙星在淡水青虾体内药物代谢动力学研究

在（26±1）℃的水温条件下，青虾一次性肌肉注射25mg／kg诺氟沙星后，用反相高效液相色谱法测定青虾血淋巴和肌肉组织中诺氟沙星含量。青虾血淋巴药一时曲线和肌肉药一时曲线均可以用二室开放模型来描述，诺氟沙星在青虾血淋巴液中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/α为1．66h，消除相半衰期t1/β为1．69h，达峰时间T（Peak）为1．82h，峰浓度C（max）为6．0081μg/mL，曲下面积AUC为30．75μg·mL^-1·h^-1，吸收相半衰期t1/2ka为1．66h。肌肉中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/ks为0．08h，消除相半衰期t1/2β为4．42h，达峰时间狄Peak）为0．03h，峰浓度C（max）为16．72μg/mL，曲下面积AUC为12．34μg·mL^-1·h^-1，吸收相半衰期t1/2a为0．08h。结果表明青虾肌注诺氟沙星后，能比较迅速的被吸收，并且在组织中维持较高的药物浓度。     

伊维菌素和三氯苯达唑在羊体内的药动学相互作用

【目的】研究联合应用伊维菌素和三氯苯达唑在蠕虫感染绵羊体内的药代动力学特征及相互影响,【方法】借助经典麦克麦斯特法定量检查羊群消化道蠕虫感染基础上选取每克粪便虫卵数大于1500个,且感染强度相近的泌乳期鄂尔多斯细毛羊15只,平均体重为（39.3±3.2）kg,年龄为4周岁。将15只受试羊禁食8 h后随机分成3组,按照预定试验设计给予不同药物：第1组皮下注射伊维菌素（0.2 mg•kg-1）,第2组灌服三氯苯达唑混悬液（12 mg•kg-1）,第3组皮下注射伊维菌素（0.2 mg•kg-1）的同时灌服三氯苯达唑混悬液（12 mg•kg-1）。分别于给药后第0.75、2、4、8、16、24、36、48、72、120、192和336 h,由颈静脉采集5 mL血样,离心分离血浆,冷冻保存待测。建立检测血浆伊维菌素（IVM）、三氯苯达唑（TCBZ）及其主要活性代谢产物三氯苯达唑亚砜（TCBZSO）浓度的高效液相色谱（HPLC）荧光检测法和紫外检测法,并对每个样品进行甲醇沉淀蛋白,经ODS C18固相萃取柱进行纯化处理后,分别测定各组血浆样品中的IVM、TCBZ及其主要代谢产物TCBZSO的浓度。色谱条件：反相C18柱,InertsilODS-SP(5 µm,4.6×150 mm,I.D.);流动相为V(甲醇+乙腈)﹕V(水)=95﹕5;激发波长364 nm,发射波长470 nm;流速为1.0 mL•min-1;柱温为室温;进样量为20 µL。最后将测定血药浓度数据用Phoenix WinNonlin药动学软件按非房室模型方法处理,计算出各试验组每只羊的相关药动学参数,并进行统计学分析。 【结果】血浆样品色谱图中IVM和内标物AVM色谱峰分离良好,保留时间分别为8.73 min和6.16 min,且不受血浆其他干扰峰的影响;TCBZ和TCBZSO以及内标物甲苯咪唑的保留时间分别为10.04、5.53和3.42 min,且在试验分析条件下具有良好的分离度,血浆内源性物质对目标峰没有干扰。对HPLC检测方法的绝对回收率、精密度和准确度等的考证结果均达到色谱测定要求。因此,本试验所建立的方法切实可行,能满足测定血浆样品各目标物的检测要求。联合应用IVM和TCBZ后,IVM的血浆峰浓度(Cmax)和药时曲线下面积（AUC）极显著下降,表观分布容积（Vd）、消除半衰期（T1/2ke）和体清除率（CLb）反而极显著增加;联合用药后TCBZSO的Vd、MRT和Tmax显著高于单独用药组,T1/2ke则极显著高于单独用药组。【结论】为蠕虫感染绵羊联合应用伊维菌素和三氯苯达唑后,在药代动力学方面相互产生了负面影响,未达到联合用药的真正目的。由此可见,在临床实践中联合用药时应考虑它们的药动学相互作用问题,应避免只根据体外药效学协同作用进行盲目配伍和联合用药,从而保证充分发挥各药物的原有药效和协同作用的目的。     

恩诺沙星在鲤体内的药效学及药动力学研究

用恩诺沙星对5种淡水养殖鱼类常见病、多发病致病菌进行抑菌试验,获得了恩诺沙星对细菌出血性败血病、打印病、赤皮病、烂鳃病、肠炎病致病菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0 02、0 04、0 63、0 31、0 04μg/mL。体内抗菌药效试验结果表明,每日以10mg/kg剂量混饲口灌给药,能有效地杀灭致病菌,提高感染鱼的成活率。并应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定以该剂量给药后不同时间鱼血浆中药物的质量浓度。采用MCPKP药代动力学软件处理药时数据,获得了鲤对恩诺沙星的吸收、分布与排除数据,结果表明,混饲口灌恩诺沙星在鱼体内的药时数据符合开放式一室模型,=0 2015h,t1/2K=主要药代动力学参数:AUC=45 0550μg/(mL·h),Cmax=2 1472μg/mL,t1/2Ka13 6513h。     

The construction and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methadone in Beagles and Greyhounds

Methadone is an opioid analgesic in veterinary and human medicine. To help develop appropriate pain management practices and to develop a quantitative model for predicting methadone dosimetry, a flow‐limited multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methadone in dogs constructed with Berkeley Madonna? was developed. The model accounts for intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral administrations, and compartmentalizes the body into different components. This model was calibrated from plasma pharmacokinetic data after IV administration of methadone in Beagles and Greyhounds. The calibrated model was evaluated with independent data in both breeds of dogs. One advantage of this model is that most physiological parameter values for Greyhounds were taken directly from the original literature. The developed model simulates available pharmacokinetic data for plasma concentrations well for both breeds. After conducting regression analysis, all simulated datasets produced an R ² > 0.80 when compared to the measured plasma concentrations. Comparative analysis of the dosimetry of methadone between the breeds suggested that Greyhounds had ~50% lower 24‐hr area under the curve (AUC) of plasma or brain concentrations than in Beagles. Furthermore, population analysis was conducted with this study. This model can be used to predict methadone concentrations in multiple dog breeds using breed‐specific parameters.     

银黄颗粒中黄芩甙在大鼠体内的测定及药代动力学

目的：考察银黄制剂的药动学特征。方法：建立测定大鼠血浆中黄芩甙的高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,并以银黄颗粒为代表进行药代动力学研究。结果：黄芩甙经直肠灌注比灌胃血药浓度高、消除速率慢;黄芩甙经灌胃会产生首过代谢作用,同时在用药后约600min出现双峰现象;银黄颗粒中的黄芩甙受其它成分的影响不明显,在大鼠体内的药动学过程与单体黄芩甙基本一致。结论：用建立的HPLC法进行银黄颗粒的药代动力学研究,方法简单、准确、快速。并且获得的药代动学参数具有一定临床应用价值。     

Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals

Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low‐stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3‐period, 5‐sequence, 3‐treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01–0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half‐life (t_1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.     

Clinical pharmacology of clemastine in healthy dogs

The pharmacokinetic properties of clemastine were investigated in six healthy dogs and compared with the effect of the drug recorded as inhibition of wheal formation induced by intradermal injections of histamine. Clemastine clearance was high (median: 2.1 L h(-1) kg(-1)) and the volume of distribution large (13.4 L kg(-1)). The half-life after intravenous administration was 3.8 h and the plasma protein binding level in vitro was 98%. After oral administration, the bioavailability was only 3%. Given intravenously, clemastine (0.1 mg kg(-1)) inhibited wheal formation completely for 7 h, whereas the effect after oral administration (0.5 mg kg(-1)) was minor. The data show that most dosage regimens suggested in the literature for the oral administration of clemastine to dogs are likely to give too low a systemic exposure of the drug to allow effective therapy.     

伊维菌素长效透皮剂和普通注射剂在家兔体内的药代动力学比较研究

为比较研究制备的伊维菌素长效透皮制剂与普通伊维菌素注射剂药物代谢及药效时间,本研究制备伊维菌素含量分别为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的长效透皮制剂,采用高效液相色谱法检测不同药量相同体积伊维菌素长效透皮制剂和普通伊维菌素注射剂（1.0%）在家兔体内的药代动力学,并通过PKSolver药代动力学处理软件对数据进行分析。结果显示,0.5%、1.0%、1.5%伊维菌素长效透皮剂和1.0%普通注射剂吸收半衰期分别为0.81、0.52、1.02和0.12 d;达峰时间为1.55、0.97、1.62和0.42 d;峰浓度为47.36、72.02、115.30和99.53 ng/mL;消除半衰期为3.61、5.92、5.59和1.79 d;平均滞留时间为5.27、7.37、5.13和2.16 d;药时曲线面积为1 488.70、3 081.98、3 161.20和480.00 ng·d/mL,伊维菌素长效透皮剂体内维持有效药物浓度的时间长达35 d,普通注射剂仅为9 d。结果表明,伊维菌素长效透皮剂效果稳定,可进行更深入的研究。