荔枝果皮花色苷生物合成及调控机理研究进展

荔枝是无患子科荔枝属的亚热带常绿果树,具有很高的商业价值。荔枝果皮色泽由多种色素决定,是影响消费者需求的重要品质性状。果实着色是花色苷积累的结果,荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成是一个复杂的过程,主要由遗传背景决定,同时受内外环境影响。本文重点介绍荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成途径,从外界环境、生理生化以及分子生物学等方面,对花色苷积累的调控机制进行综述,并展望该领域的研究方向,为提升荔枝果实的色泽品质提供重要参考。     

甜瓜嫩果皮颜色遗传规律研究

为探究甜瓜嫩果皮颜色的遗传规律，以甜瓜嫩果皮颜色为深绿色的S26和青色的S28为亲本材料，通过构建BC1群体，利用卡方测验，分析回交群体BC1的深绿色嫩果皮和青色嫩果皮的分离比例，开展甜瓜嫩果皮的遗传规律分析，以对嫩果皮颜色基因进行初步定位。结果表明：BC1群体表型表现为深绿色和青色2种，且群体比例为1∶1，从而确定颜色性状为单基因控制且深绿色为显性性状。通过分离群体分组分析法（BSA）和混池测序结果可以看出，控制甜瓜嫩果皮颜色的基因位于chr04的端部位置，这为后续基因的精细定位以及克隆提供了研究基础。     

玉米SLAF标记的开发及其在玉米果皮纤维素含量BSA分析中的应用

【目的】降低果皮纤维素是甜玉米品质改良的重要目标,然而玉米果皮纤维素含量调控的研究甚少,相关调控基因尚未定位。利用纤维素含量差异的重组自交系(RILs)群体,通过特异位点扩增片段(specific-locus amplified fragment-sequencing,SLAF)测序和分离混池分析(bulked segregant analysis,BSA)定位控制玉米果皮纤维素含量的染色体区段,鉴定调控玉米果皮纤维素含量的候选基因。【方法】以果皮纤维素含量显著差异的E327和G5-1为亲本,构建重组自交系(RILs)。对RILs群体进行果皮纤维素含量的测定,并根据纤维素含量的结果选择纤维素含量高、低的样本进行混池,用于SLAF标签的鉴定和BSA分析。在BSA分析中,首先对两混池和2个亲本DNA用HaeⅢ和Hpy166Ⅱ进行酶切,回收414—464 bp的酶切片段进行Illumina建库,并进行SLAF测序,然后根据多态性SLAF标签开发SNP标记,利用SNP标记对玉米果皮纤维素含量进行关联分析,鉴定调控甜玉米果皮纤维素含量的染色体区段。分析这些区段所包含的玉米基因,并找到它们对应的拟南芥同源基因,通过查阅拟南芥相关基因功能研究的文献,进一步鉴定控制玉米果皮纤维素含量的候选基因。【结果】两亲本和2个混池SLAF建库测序得到的SLAF符合预期,基于SLAF测序数据,鉴定了73 786个多态性SLAF标签,这些SLAF标签均匀分布在玉米的10条染色体上。在这些多态性标签中得到了523 395 SNP位点信息。通过关联分析,调控果皮纤维素变异的基因被定位到玉米基因组的6个染色区段,都位于玉米的第5染色体上。在这些区段上,一共有47个玉米基因。通过进一步的研究分析,在这些关联的染色体区段最终确定了9个候选基因。【结论】定位到调控玉米果皮纤维素的含量的基因,表明此方法可以用于基因定位。     

山竹果皮总黄酮富集工艺研究

研究D101大孔树脂富集山竹果皮总黄酮的工艺。通过静态、动态相结合的方法,确定D101大孔树脂富集的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,D101大孔树脂对总黄酮动态解析附的效果好于静态,动态解析附的最佳条件为:以流速2 m L/min上样30 m L 2 mg/m L的提取物,且用60 m L 70%乙醇以2 m L/min的流速洗脱,此条件下提取物总黄酮含量由原先的57.8 mg/m L增加到174.2 mg/m L。     

马家柚粗皮果形成过程的解剖学观察

为了解马家柚粗皮果形成的原因,以马家柚光皮果为对照,比较了果实发育期间果皮的显微结构。通过对外果皮的解剖结构观察发现,光皮果的油胞下凹,而粗皮果的油胞略有凸起,并且粗皮果的油胞体积明显大于光皮果,二者在油胞上所表现的这些差异可能是导致粗皮果果皮粗糙的主要原因。通过对中果皮的解剖结构观察发现,在果皮成熟时粗皮果中果皮细胞较光皮果形态上更细长,果皮射线方向细胞直径更大,细胞间隙也更大,这些可能是导致粗皮果果皮增厚、海绵层疏松现象的原因之一。     

澳洲坚果果皮中主要功能性成分分析

对6个澳洲坚果品种果皮中的粗蛋白、可溶性总糖和单宁含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,粗蛋白、可溶性总糖和单宁含量在自选品种‘南亚2号’的果皮内均最高,分别为9.21%、3.70%和2.16%;其次为引进品种‘O.C.’,果皮内的粗蛋白、单宁含量分别为6.42%、2.00%,自选品种‘南亚3号’果皮内的可溶性总糖含量为2....     

超甜玉米子粒果皮柔嫩度的变化规律

为了探讨超甜玉米果皮柔嫩度在子粒发育进程中的变化规律,以10份超甜玉米自交系为材料,采用硬度计法测定子粒发育过程中果皮柔嫩度值,分析果皮柔嫩度在不同环境条件下的变化。结果表明,10份参试材料在果皮柔嫩度上存在梯度差异,其中PE10果皮柔嫩性最好,T105中等,S33205最差;在湖北武汉(2014年春)、海南陵水(2014年冬)两种环境下,在授粉后第12~24天,PE10、T105、S33205的果皮柔嫩度值均呈上升趋势,且各测定时间点的柔嫩度均值由大到小的顺序均为S33205、T105、PE10;随着子粒的发育,相同材料在不同环境条件下果皮柔嫩度差异呈现先增大后缩小最后又趋于一致的规律;2014年湖北武汉春季与海南陵水冬季相比,同一材料最适采收期相差4 d,但最适采收期的果皮柔嫩度值差异不显著,说明环境改变会影响果皮嫩度变化速率,但果皮柔嫩度的好坏本质上仍决定于材料本身。     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

Susceptibility of sunflower inbreds to Melanagromyza minimoides in Argentina and potential association with plant resistance traits

Seed-feeding by larvae of the mosquito head fly, Melanagromyza minimoides, can substantially reduce yields of late-planted sunflower in South America and its management with insecticides or early-planting has other undesirable costs. Evaluation of inbred lines over three seasons indicated differences in the emergence of adult flies, particularly between restorer (male) and maintainer (female) lines used for hybrid seed production; when fly emergence (≈damage) was adjusted for differences in head size (i.e. to flies/100 cm²), restorer lines averaged 3–12 times more damage than maintainer lines. Fly emergence in each of two seasons was tested for correlations with three sunflower traits (glandular trichome number, pericarp strength, and sesquiterpene lactone content) believed to provide host plant resistance to other insects. In one of two years, fly emergence was negatively correlated with the relative amount of sesquiterpene lactones in florets of the tested lines. Also, among maintainer lines, severity of infestation was much greater in multi-headed inbreds compared to single-headed lines. Additional research is needed to establish the cause(s) of reduced susceptibility of inbreds and whether parental lines influence M. minimoides damage to hybrids.     

大孔树脂吸附法纯化火龙果皮甜菜色素工艺

为充分利用火龙果资源,提高其经济效益,以粉红龙品种火龙果皮的甜菜色素提取液为主要原料,通过对吸附比、解吸率的检测,从S-8、AB-8、HPD-600、NKA-9和NKA-11 5种型号大孔树脂中选取最适甜菜色素的大孔吸附树脂,并探讨上样流速对动态吸附比的影响,乙醇浓度、解析液流速以及解析液pH对动态解析率的影响。结果表明:纯化火龙果皮甜菜色素最佳树脂型号为S-8,上样流速为6BV/h,乙醇浓度60%,解析液pH 6.0、解析液流速4BV/h。该条件下,经纯化后的甜菜色素液呈大红色,色泽通透,具有较好的应用前景。