谷子株高及穗部性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

【目的】株高和穗部性状是影响谷子产量的关键性状。探究谷子株高及穗部性状表型变异的遗传规律,为相关性状的遗传改良与基因定位提供参考依据。【方法】以谷子优质品种豫谷18为共同父本,分别与黄软谷和红酒谷杂交,构建2个分别包含250个家系的重组自交系F₇群体（YYRIL和YRRIL）。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对YYRIL和YRRIL群体在2个环境下的株高、穗长、穗下节间长、穗码数、穗粒重等5个农艺性状的表型数据进行遗传分析。【结果】5个性状在所有环境中均表现连续变异且存在超亲分离现象,峰度和偏度绝对值小于1,近似正态分布,呈现数量性状的典型遗传特点。性状间相关性分析表明株高与穗长、穗下节间长在所有环境中均呈极显著正相关,穗码数与穗粒重呈极显著正相关。遗传模型分析显示YYRIL和YRRIL群体株高的最适遗传模型分别为PG-AI和PG-A多基因模型,多基因遗传率分别为95.15%和91.27%。2个群体穗码数的最适模型均为PG-AI,多基因遗传率为70.07%—71.58%。穗下节间长在2个群体的最适遗传模型分别为4MG-CEA和3MG-CEA,均为等加性主基因模型。穗下节间长在YYRIL群体的主基因遗传率为9.69%,4对主基因加性效应值相等,均为-0.34,具有负向效应;穗下节间长在YRRIL群体的主基因遗传率为45.78%,3对主基因加性效应值相等,均为1.17,具有正向效应。穗长在YYRIL群体的最适模型为MX2-ED-A,即2对显性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遗传率为43.56%,多基因遗传率为50.56%。控制穗长的2对主基因加性效应值分别为-1.21、1.68,多基因加性效应较小,为-0.0017;穗长在YRRIL群体的最适模型为MX2-AE-A,即2对累加作用主基因,加性多基因混合遗传模型;穗长的主基因遗传率为46.40%,多基因遗传率为46.91%。控制穗长的第1对主基因加性效应值为1.53,具有正向效应,第1对主基因加性×第2对主基因加性上位性互作效应值是0.60,多基因加性效应值为-0.47,表现为较低的负向遗传效应。穗粒重在YYRIL群体的最适遗传模型为MX2-ED-A;符合2对显性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遗传率为69.09%,多基因遗传率为12.08%;控制穗粒重的2对主基因加性效应值分别为0.58、5.82,以第2对主基因的加性效应为主,多基因加性效应值为-3.81。穗粒重在YRRIL群体的最适遗传模型为3MG-PEA,即3对部分等加性主基因遗传模型;穗粒重的主基因遗传率为81.10%,3对主基因加性效应值分别为-2.68、-2.68和2.66,前2对主基因的加性效应值相同,且均为负向效应。【结论】谷子株高、穗码数的最适遗传模型相似,均服从多基因遗传,遗传率较高,受环境影响较小;穗下节间长的遗传受主基因控制,主基因遗传率偏低,受环境影响较大,在栽培中应充分考虑环境因素;穗长遗传受主基因和多基因共同控制;穗粒重在2个群体均服从主基因遗传,主基因遗传率较高,可能存在主效QTL。     

基于深度全卷积神经网络的大田稻穗分割

稻穗的准确分割是获取水稻穗部性状、实现水稻表型自动化测量的关键。该研究应用水稻图像数据集及数据增广技术,离线训练了用于稻穗分割的3个分别基于Seg Net,Deep LAB和PSPNet的全卷积神经网络。综合考虑分割性能和计算速度,优选了基于Seg Net的网络,称为Panicle Net。在线分割阶段先将原始图像划分为子图,由Panicle Net分割子图,再拼接子图得到分割结果。比较该算法及现有作物果穗分割算法Panicle-SEG、HSeg、i2滞后阈值法及joint Seg,该算法对与训练样本同年度拍摄样本Qseg值0.76、F值0.86,不同年度样本Qseg值0.67、F值0.80,远优于次优的Panicle-SEG算法,且计算速度约为Panicle-SEG算法的35倍。该算法能克服稻穗边缘严重不规则、不同品种及生育期稻穗外观差异大、穂叶颜色混叠和复杂大田环境中光照、遮挡等因素的干扰,提升稻穗分割准确度及效率,进而服务于水稻育种栽培。     

Effects of genes increasing the number of spikelets per panicle,TAW1 and APO1, on yield and yield-related traits in rice

The genes TAWAWA1 (TAW1) and ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) increase the number of spikelets per panicle (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of these genes on morphological traits, yield, and yield-related traits including yield components using the near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of a japonica rice variety, Koshihikari – NIL-taw1, NIL-apo1-D3, and NIL-apo1-D4 – in a field experiment. The SN and total number of spikelets per area of the three NILs were larger than those of Koshihikari. However, the yield of the three NILs did not exceed that of Koshihikari due to their low filling ability. Interestingly, our field experiments indicated that TAW1 did not affect the diameter of internodes and the PN, whereas APO1 decreased the PN and increased the diameter of internodes. These results suggest that TAW1 and APO1 differently affect yield-related traits.     

Crop structure in winter oats and the effect of nitrogen on quality-related characters

The relationship between panicle structure and oat grain quality characteristics was examined in a winter oat (Avena sativa) experiment, cv. Gerald, fertilized with 80 and 200 kg/ha N. Spikelets on each whorl were counted and separated into primary, secondary, and tertiary grains, which were counted and weighed, and the kernels extracted manually and weighed. Tiller and whorl rank had relatively small effects on weight per grain and kernel content. Nitrogen application significantly increased weight per primary and secondary grain on the main stem and T1, the first tiller, while spikelet and grain numbers increased only on T1. However, weight per grain and kernel contents in all whorls on both the main stem and T1 were not significantly affected by nitrogen. Although kernel contents were significantly affected by nitrogen application on some occasions, increases and decreases were less than 2.5%. Across the whole plant, numbers of primary and secondary grains increased at the higher nitrogen application, but weight per primary grain and kernel contents were unaffected. However, weight per secondary grain significantly increased at the higher nitrogen application, thus improving uniformity of grain size which is of value to millers.     

水稻灌浆期穗颈瘟发生对产量及茎节代谢产物的影响

【目的】检测自然条件下稻瘟病感病品种茎节的代谢产物,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种感病和产量降低的原因,为粳稻品种感病机理研究和生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以稻瘟病感病品种辽星1号和粳型恢复系C418为材料,灌浆期调查穗颈瘟发病率,同时采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）非靶向代谢组学方法检测感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物,利用主成分分析（PCA）感病茎节与正常茎节之间代谢物组成,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）的变量权重值（VIP>1.0）进行两者之间差异代谢产物种类的筛选,比较两者糖类物质和氨基酸类物质的差异,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种产量降低的原因。成熟期进行结实率、千粒重、粒长、糙米率等产量和品质性状测定。【结果】辽星1号和C418穗颈瘟发病率分别为57.23%和82.94%。穗颈瘟显著降低一次枝梗整精米率、二次枝梗的结实率、千粒重、长宽比和整精米率,其他性状无显著差异。辽星1号和C418的茎节GC-MS检测均定性到358种代谢产物,感病茎节上调了73.46%和67.88%的代谢产物。PCA和PLS-DA分析可以将感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物清楚分开,辽星1号和C418的感病茎节和正常茎节之间具有明显不同的代谢产物表型,与正常茎节相比,辽星1号感病茎节诱导61种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,C418感病茎节诱导47种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,两个品种共有显著变化的代谢产物30种。其中,次生代谢产物香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺的相对含量显著下调,辽星1号分别下调了87.03%、96.29%、77.95%、74.56%、86.48%和82.68%,C418分别下调了99.92%、99.68%、97.26%、86.67%、94.96%和76.74%。正常茎节中辽星1号这6种次生代谢产物的相对含量分别是C418的2.64、2.39、2.39、2.27、3.09和2.56倍;感病茎节上调了63.33%的糖类物质和68.42%的氨基酸类物质,糖类物质上调了1.02—17.92倍,氨基酸类物质上调了1.05—13.12倍,其中C418糖类物质上调的幅度更大。【结论】穗颈瘟发生显著改变了感病品种辽星1号和C418的茎节代谢产物组成,感病品种可能通过香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺相对含量的变化调控茎节对稻瘟病的防御反应。感病茎节通过积累大量的糖类物质和氨基酸类物质,降低其向籽粒转运,抑制了产量形成。     

穂肥施用期对杂交稻叶片光合特性和干物质积累的影响

对Y两优6号和Y两优900这2个杂交水稻品种的穂肥施用期进行了研究,结果表明:2个品种之间差异较小,穂肥施用期对各处理水稻的SPAD值、净光合速率和物质转运具有一定影响。抽穗至成熟期,处理E的SPAD值下降速度最慢,且在成熟期保持最高数值;净光合速率在处理D下降幅度最小,但在成熟期处理E处数值最高;Y两优900在处理D成熟期茎鞘物质输出率最低,Y两优6号在处理D成熟期茎鞘物质出现增重现象,说明2个品种在处理D中茎鞘物质没有被充分利用。Y两优6号产量与净光合速率和SPAD值呈显著正相关;Y两优900产量与净光合速率呈极显著正相关,与SPAD值呈显著相关;2个品种产量与茎鞘输出率和转换率负相关。与其他处理相比,孕穗6期施穂肥有利于延缓叶片衰老,提高净光合速率,以积累更多的光合产物。     

Mining Applicable Elite Alleles of Growth Duration,Plant Height and Panicle Number per Plant by Conditional QTL Mapping in Japonica Rice

Unconditional and conditional QTL mapping were conducted for growth duration (GD), plant height (PH) and effective panicle number per plant (PN) using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between two japonica rice varieties Xiushui 79 and C Bao. The RIL population consisted of 254 lines was planted in two environments, Nanjing and Sihong, Jiangsu Province, China. Results showed that additive effects were major in all of QTLs for GD, PH and PN detected by the two methods, and the e...     

不同穗型高原粳稻品种的产量分析

以高原粳稻区大面积应用的大穗型、穗粒型、多穗型品种为材料,研究不同穗型品种的产量潜力。结果表明,这3种穗型品种均可获得11.00 t/hm2以上的超高产,其主要原因是穗粒协调,形成了较多的颖花数;多穗型品种的颖花数主要靠有效穗贡献,大穗型品种的颖花数主要靠穗粒数贡献,穗粒型品种的颖花数靠有效穗和穗粒数协调贡献;抽穗前期干物质积累量为多穗型品种穗粒型品种大穗型品种,抽穗后期干物质积累量为大穗型品种穗粒型品种多穗型品种。     

Can rice cultivar with submergence tolerant quantitative trait locus (SUB1) manage submergence stress better during reproductive stage?

Cultivars with submergence tolerant quantitative trait locus (SUB1) greatly enhance submergence tolerance at vegetative stage. Whether such cultivar is better off or not at reproductive stage submergence is not known. Due to uncertainties in rainfall pattern and delayed monsoon, flooding at later stages corresponding to reproductive stage is very much common now. Therefore, the main goal of the present investigation is to work out the effect of submergence at reproductive stage on yield and yield attributes in three rice cultivars namely Swarna, Swarna-Sub1, and Baliadhan (a traditional rice cultivar showed similar reaction to SUB1). The present study envisages that submergence at reproductive stage greatly decreased the grain yield even though there was no mortality of plants. Yield reduction was greater at flowering stage followed by booting and panicle initiation stage. Swarna-Sub1 performed significantly better compared to Swarna when submergence was given at panicle initiation stage. Swarna-Sub1 and Baliadhan both maintained greater quantities of carbohydrate and total dehydrogenase activity yet the yield reduction was greater in Swarna-Sub1 compared to Baliadhan due to greater chalf formation in the former. The cultivar with SUB1 is quite better off at reproductive stage submergence. Baliadhan is superior to Swarna-Sub1.