人参皂苷和多糖对肺肠功能影响研究进展

消化和呼吸功能是畜牧养殖过程中面临的两大问题,其会严重影响畜牧业经济效益。作为人参主要功能性成分,人参总皂苷和人参多糖在肺肠功能调节方面具有较好效果。本文总结了近年来人参总皂苷和人参多糖对肺肠功能调节的研究情况,以期为其在畜牧生产应用方面提供参考。     

Evaluation of Agave lechuguilla by‐product crude extract as a feed additive for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Agave lechuguilla is a succulent plant species, mainly distributed in the northeast of Mexico and south of the United States of America. The main use for this plant is the fibre´s extraction (known as Tampico fibres), resulting in 15% of fibres and 85% of a by‐product waste named guishe. The lechuguilla collectors, normally incinerate the guishe, thus causing environmental contamination. Interestingly, recent studies showed that guishe contains molecules with nutritional properties, such as saponins, flavonoids and sugars. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated the effect of the crude extract of guishe as a feed additive in whiteleg shrimp diets. According to that, MS‐HPLC analysis of the extract showed the presence of saponins such as diosgenin, smilagenin, hecogenin, manogenin, tigogenin hexose, yucagenin, chlorogenin, diosgenin diglucoside and the flavonol, quercetin. After chemical analysis, the crude extract was included into an experimental diet in four levels; 0% (L0%), 0.1% (L0.1%), 0.3% (L0.3%) and 0.6% (L0.6%). Dietary incorporation of the extract was evaluated by zootechnical performance, haemolymph biochemistry, histomorphology and digestive enzyme activity of shrimps. After 5‐week feeding, the L0.3% diet showed significantly higher growth and better feed utilization among treatments. A significant increase in tubule epithelium height and tubule coverage area from hepatopancreas in shrimp under L0.3% diet compared with the control diet suggest an improvement of the health and nutritional status of the shrimp. Inclusion of L0.3% and L0.6% of the crude extract resulted in a reduction in amylase activity, without effect in glucose levels in the haemolymph. Thus, we suggest that lechuguilla guishe crude extract contains nutritional molecules that may be used as a feed additive to promote shrimp productivity.     

Panax notoginseng saponins suppress oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced pyroptosis of SH-SY5Y cells

AIM To investigate the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on pyroptosis of SH-SY5Y cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). METHODS The OGD/R was conducted to induce ischemia/reperfusion injury in SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of PNS on the viability (detected by CCK-8 assay) and membrane permeability [indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and propidium iodide (PI) staining positive cell proportion] of OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells were observed. The protein levels of gasdermin D (GSDMD), GSDMD N-terminal fragment (GSDMD-N), caspase-1 and caspase-4, and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in the cells were also determined. RESULTS After exposure to OGD/R, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells dramatically decreased (P<0.01), while the LDH leakage, the PI staining positive cell proportion, the protein levels of GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase-1 and caspase-4, and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly increased (P<0.01). However, PNS treatment enhanced the viability of SH-SY5Y cells inhibited by OGD/R (P<0.01), but reduced the leakage of LDH and the percentage of PI staining positive cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, PNS reversed the increases in the protein levels of GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase-1 and caspase-4 and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Treatment with PNS alleviates OGD/R-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Its mechanism may be related to inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell pyroptosis induced by OGD/R.     

不同产地西洋参氨基酸种类及含量分析

为研究不同种植区西洋参氨基酸的含量和品质，按食品安全国家标准GB/T5009.124-2016，对加拿大多伦多市、陕西省留坝县、吉林省抚松县、山东省文登市来源的4 a生西洋参进行氨基酸种类和含量测定及对比分析。各产地西洋参均检测出17种氨基酸，其中含有人体必需的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和半必需氨基酸精氨酸；含有蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸等8种药用氨基酸。人体必需氨基酸及药用氨基酸含量对比分析结果表明，加拿大多伦多市来源西洋参的这两类氨基酸含量最高，分别为46.20 mg/g 和61.93 mg/g，占总氨基酸含量的 54.0%和72.3%，其次是陕西省留坝县来源的西洋参，分别为45.70 mg/g和61.63 mg/g，占总氨基酸含量的51.9%和70.0%。主成分分析及综合评价结果表明，从氨基酸含量及营养均衡性角度来看，陕西省留坝县西洋参是最接近原产地加拿大的西洋参。     

紫花苜蓿MsSQE1的克隆及对皂甙合成的功能分析

【目的】鲨烯环氧酶（squalene epoxidases,SQE）是苜蓿皂甙合成途径中的一种限速酶,与苜蓿皂甙的合成密切相关。通过对苜蓿鲨烯环氧酶（MsSQE1）基因的克隆及在苜蓿中过表达,探究鲨烯环氧酶对皂甙合成的作用机制。【方法】以模式植物蒺藜苜蓿鲨烯环氧酶基因序列设计引物,同源克隆苜蓿MsSQE1。对MsSQE1进行生物信息学分析;通过基因枪轰击技术,使MsSQE1在洋葱表皮瞬时表达,进行亚细胞定位。利用qRT-PCR方法分析该基因在根、茎、叶中的表达水平,以及在紫外辐射、ABA和GA₃条件下的表达模式。在茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）的诱导下,分析MsSQE1的转录水平,及对苜蓿皂甙含量的影响。利用根癌农杆菌转化体系,获得过表达MsSQE1的阳性转基因植株,并测定转基因植株的皂甙含量。【结果】克隆了MsSQE1的cDNA序列,开放阅读框1 578 bp,编码525个氨基酸,等电点为8.59。同源性比对分析,其氨基酸序列与蒺藜苜蓿中SQE1氨基酸序列同源性为98.6%,与拟南芥的同源性为80%。亚细胞定位显示,MsSQE1可能定位于细胞膜。组织特异性表达分析显示,MsSQE1在叶中的表达量最高,茎中次之,根中的表达量最低。在紫外辐射、ABA和GA₃的诱导表达显示,紫外辐射诱导24 h,叶中表达量最高; GA₃（50 μmol·L ^-1）和 ABA（100 μmol·L ^-1）处理,均为8 h叶中表达量最高;MeJA处理能诱导MsSQE1表达量上调的同时苜蓿总皂甙含量也随着MsSQE1表达的上调而增加。分析过表达MsSQE1转基因苜蓿和转空载体苜蓿株系发现,MsSQE1的表达水平和总皂甙含量均升高,其中MsSQE1的表达水平是对照的3.11—9.45倍,总皂甙含量比对照提高14.26%—28.05%,暗示MsSQE1是苜蓿皂甙合成途径中的一种关键调节酶。【结论】从豆科牧草紫花苜蓿中克隆了MsSQE1并进行功能分析。在苜蓿中过表达MsSQE1能增加苜蓿总皂甙含量,暗示MsSQE1的表达影响苜蓿皂甙的生物合成,可能对皂甙的合成有重要的调节作用。     

苜蓿生物活性物质在动物上的应用

苜蓿中含有许多生物活性物质,能够显著影响动物的生长性能、繁殖机能和免疫功能,有些活性物质还可以作为人的保健品使用。本文主要介绍苜蓿皂苷、苜蓿多糖、苜蓿黄酮的生物学功能以及国内外学者对苜蓿中活性成分研究的最新成果。苜蓿中活性物质可以作为动物的饲料添加剂使用,一定剂量的苜蓿活性物质可以提高动物体内的淋巴细胞水平,增加免疫力;提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性,抑制丙二醛的水平,具有抗氧化功能;增加动物的生产性能和繁殖性能。     

快速滤过型净化法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测人参中的5种农药残留

基于人参样品基质特点，采用快速滤过型净化法 (m-PFC) 结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS)，建立了人参中嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、茚虫威和噻嗪酮5种农药残留同时检测的分析方法。该方法具有较低的检出限 (0.03~0.18 μg/kg) 和定量限 (0.11~0.59 μg/kg)，其定量限较中国国家标准GB 2763—2016中规定的对人参中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的最大残留限量 (MRL) (0.5~1 mg/kg) 低3个数量级，5种农药的线性范围在1~500 μg/L之间。在2、10、50、100和300 μg/kg的添加水平下，方法的平均回收率均在76%~115%之间，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11%，回收率较好且方法稳定。与传统样品前处理方法相比，该方法具有操作简单、省时省力和灵敏度高等优点。将该方法应用于市售6份人参样品中5种农药残留的检测，结果未检出相应的农药残留。该方法为研发建立更快速、准确地检测人参中农药残留的方法提供了思路，也为后续中国国家标准修订人参中农药最大残留限量提供了参考。     

人参/西洋参枯叶病缓解实验

通过各供试药剂在西洋参枯叶病上的使用,验证各供试药剂对西洋参枯叶病的缓解作用。结果表明,参多乐450倍液+益微450倍液对西洋参枯叶病缓解效果突出,在一定程度上解决了枯叶病给西洋参带来的危害。且该配方在人参上同样适用。     

海参皂苷的研究现状

海洋中蕴涵着丰富的天然资源,海参作为一种食品和药材,具有很高的保健功能和药用价值。海参皂苷是海参体内的一种次生代谢产物,具有广泛的生理药理活性,因此潜藏了极大的应用价值。本文就近年来国内外关于海参皂苷性质的研究状况做一些简要的概述,为进一步研究海参皂苷提供较为详尽的参考资料。     

计算机软件模拟α-乳白蛋白与皂苷的分子对接

皂苷小分子具有很强的生理活性,在人体中必须与靶细胞生物大分子相互作用才能发挥其生物作用。α-乳 白蛋白（α-lactalbumin,α-LA）是球状蛋白质,能结合疏水配体,在食品工业作为功能性配料。采用计算机模拟的 方法,对2 类皂苷（达玛烷型皂苷和齐墩果型皂苷）和α-LA相互作用进行研究,并获得其相互作用模式的相关图 像。分子对接结果表明,2 种类型的皂苷与α-LA活性口袋内的氨基酸残基均以疏水相互作用及氢键作用结合,但达 玛烷型皂苷结构更复杂,可以提供更多结合位点,且其形成氢键的作用力更强。