不同土壤处理对番茄根结线虫防治效果及产量的影响

为了建立安全、高效、绿色的蔬菜根结线虫防治技术,研究了"臭氧水+生物菌肥+噻唑膦""臭氧水+生物菌肥+阿维菌素""臭氧水+生物菌肥""生物菌肥+噻唑膦"及生物菌肥5种土壤处理对设施番茄根结线虫病的防治效果和产量的影响。结果表明:以臭氧水为基础组配的土壤处理防治根结线虫,对秋冬茬、冬春茬2茬番茄根结线虫病的防效均在90.0%及以上,对番茄产量的恢复或增加效果明显,其中"臭氧水+噻唑膦+生物菌肥"土壤处理对番茄根结线虫防治效果最好,"臭氧水+生物菌肥"土壤处理最为安全、经济,且防治效果较好,建议广大菜农积极应用。     

有机基质臭氧消毒设备设计与试验

为实现有机基质的绿色、高效消毒,设计了有机基质臭氧消毒设备。基于离散元软件EDEM建立了有机基质颗粒模型,根据有机质物料输送及抛撒动力学特性与臭氧消毒工艺流程,利用Solid Works软件构建了有机基质臭氧消毒设备结构模型,并对两种模型进行接触参数标定。以有机基质倾尽角为评价指标,以抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率为试验因素,进行了三因素五水平正交旋转组合仿真试验。根据仿真结果,利用Design-Expert软件回归分析法建立倾尽角回归数学模型,对有机基质臭氧消毒设备模型中的抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率进行了参数优化与试验验证。结果表明,在各因素取值范围内,抄板弯折角对有机基质倾尽角影响极显著,转筒转速对倾尽角影响显著,填充率对倾尽角影响不显著;有机基质臭氧消毒装置最优作业参数组合为:抄板弯折角124.23°、转筒转速6.29 r/min,此时物料倾尽角仿真值为89.3°。臭氧消毒灭菌性能试验验证结果为:臭氧初始质量浓度64.2 mg/m~3,消毒60 min后,细菌灭菌率88.9%,真菌灭菌率97.9%,能够满足有机基质消毒生产要求。     

肉牛场生命周期估计及环境影响评价

试验采用生命周期估计(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法对江西高安某存栏1 800头的肉牛育肥场在整个育肥期间(7个月)的污染物排放量,以及污染物在全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成方面对环境的影响进行了评估。系统边界包括化肥生产、农作物种植、饲料运输、肉牛生产和粪便处理。结果表明:温室气体排放量为(以CO2当量计)为11 908t,环境酸化气体排放量(以SO2当量计)为84.6t,富营养化气体排放量为(以PO43-当量计)为14.4t,光化学臭氧合成问题气体排放量为(以C2H4当量计)为1.68t。其中饲料运输主要影响全球变暖(占总排放量的49.8%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的54.1%),而粪便处理主要影响环境酸化(占总排放量的70.1%)和富营养化(占总排放量的76.4%),肉牛生产对环境的影响主要是全球变暖(占总排放量的18.1%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的30.9%)。因此,可考虑通过降低运输距离,改善饲料配方、粪便处理方式等降低污染物排放量。     

丙酮溶物对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能影响

天然橡胶中的非胶物质种类和含量影响橡胶的质量和应用性能。本文通过硫化性能、交联密度、耐臭氧老化 性能测试和热重分析研究丙酮溶物含量对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能的影响。结果表明，丙酮溶物可以改善天然橡胶的硫 化性能，提高其交联密度。随着丙酮溶物添加量的增加，天然橡胶的热稳定性、臭氧裂纹显现时间、拉伸强度保持率 逐渐提高并达到最大值。采用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱分析仪（ATR-FTIR）分析了天然橡胶臭氧老化前后分子结构 变化，可知橡胶在臭氧老化后出现了氧化官能团。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻干物质积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻物质生产与分配的影响,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(臭氧浓度为10 nL/L)和臭氧浓度增高臭氧浓度为(100 nL/L)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对水稻成熟期地上部物质积累与分配的影响及其与最终生长量响应的关系。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C三类不同敏感型水稻。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻成熟期地上部干质量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使A类水稻成熟期叶片干质量略增,但使B类(–11%)、C类水稻(–25%)极显著下降。臭氧胁迫下A、B和C类水稻的茎秆和稻穗干质量均显著或极显著下降,其中茎秆干质量分别下降26%、41%和57%,稻穗干质量分别下降34%、59%和62%。臭氧胁迫使叶片占地上部干质量的比例大幅增加(+46%),而茎秆(–8%)和稻穗(–24%)占地上部干质量的比例极显著下降。臭氧处理与水稻类型对上述参数均有不同程度的交互作用,表现为A类水稻对臭氧的响应明显小于其他两类水稻。【结论】100 nL/L臭氧浓度严重影响水稻器官建成,减少光合产物向茎秆和稻穗的分配比例,但使叶片干质量比例大幅增加,臭氧熏蒸还导致茎秆机械强度明显下降。这些变化敏感水稻总体上较钝感类型水稻表现更为明显。     

Legacy effects of elevated ozone on soil biota and plant growth

Many studies have examined how human-induced atmospheric changes will influence ecosystems. The long-term consequences of human induced climate changes on terrestrial ecosystems may be determined to a large extend by how the belowground compartment will respond to these changes. In a free-air ozone enrichment experiment running for 5 years, we reciprocally transplanted soil cores from ambient and elevated ozone rings to test whether exposure to elevated ozone results in persistent changes in the soil biota when the plant and soil are no longer exposed to elevated ozone, and how these legacy effects of elevated ozone influenced plant growth as compared to current effects of elevated ozone. After one growing season, the current ozone treatment enhanced plant growth, but in soil with a historical legacy of elevated ozone the plant biomass in that soil was reduced compared to the cores originated from ambient rings. Current exposure to ozone increased the phospholipid fatty acids of actinomycetes and protozoa, however, it decreased dissolved organic carbon, bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes. Interestingly, numbers of bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes were enhanced when soils with a legacy of elevated ozone were placed under elevated ozone conditions. We conclude that exposure to elevated [O₃] results in a legacy effect in soil. This legacy effect most likely influenced plant growth and soil characteristics via responses of bacteria and fungi, and nematodes that feed upon these microbes. These soil legacies induced by changes in soil biotic community after long-term exposure of elevated ozone can alter the responses of ecosystems to current climatic changes.     

绿色环保型循环冷却水处理技术

分析了当前绿色环保的循环冷却水的处理工艺、现状、机理和应用情况，指出了绿色环保型循环冷却水的重要性，以期引起业内的重视并提供参考。     

Effects on nutrients and on grain quality in spring wheat crops grown under elevated CO2 concentrations and stress conditions in the European, multiple-site experiment ‘ESPACE-wheat’

Nutrient element concentrations and grain quality were assessed in spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ concentrations and contrasting levels of tropospheric ozone at different nitrogen supply rates at several European sites. Carbon dioxide enrichment proved to affect nutrient concentrations in a complex manner. In green leaves, all elements (with exception of phosphorus and iron) decreased. In contrast, effects on the element composition of grains were restricted to reductions in nitrogen, calcium, sulphur and iron. Ozone exposure resulted in no significant effects on nutrient element concentrations in different tissues in the overall analysis. The nitrogen demand of green tissues was reduced due to CO₂ enrichment as shown by reductions in the critical leaf nitrogen concentration and also enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Reductions in the content of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and repression of the photorespiratory pathway and reduced nitrogen allocation to enzymes driving the photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle were chiefly responsible for this effect. Thus, nitrogen acquisition by the crop did not match carbon acquisition under CO₂ enrichment. Since crop nitrogen uptake from the soil was already completed at anthesis, nitrogen allocated to the grain after anthesis originated from vegetative pools—causing grain nitrogen concentrations to decrease under CO₂ enrichment (on average by 15% when CO₂ concentrations increased from 360 to 680 μmol mol⁻¹). Correspondingly, grain quality was reduced by CO₂ enrichment. The Zeleny value, Hagberg value and dry/wet gluten content decreased significantly with increasing [CO₂]. Despite the beneficial impact of CO₂ enrichment on growth and yield of C₃ cereal crops, declines in flour quality due to reduced nitrogen content are likely in a future, [CO₂]-rich world.     

中国粮食仓储行业淘汰甲基溴行动

为切实履行我国政府对国际社会<关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书>的<哥本哈根修正案>所作出的承诺,中国粮食仓储行业在保障我国粮食安全储备的前提下,在"淘汰甲基溴,保护臭氧层"方面采取了一系列行动(包括调研、确定替代技术、培训、制定规程、建设示范库、研究替代技术等),以达到替代甲基溴的目的.淘汰甲基溴的实际行动,研究新的淘汰甲基溴替代技术,对增强人们保护臭氧层的意识,推广和应用替代技术和确保人类共同家园的可持续发展都具有重要的意义.     

对臭氧在温室蔬菜生产上应用的质疑

该文综合分析国内外有关近地面臭氧伤害作物，臭氧污染呈上升趋势的资料，以及对温室臭氧状况做尝试性监测后认为，因光化学反应，温室环境会存在臭氧污染，其浓度有可能达到伤害作物的程度。温室臭氧规律有待深入调查。温室中使用臭氧气体防治病虫害是个错误。