野油菜黄单胞菌中6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶注释基因的功能鉴定

6-磷酸海藻糖在微生物碳代谢调节及抗逆生理中起着极其重要的作用。在野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株的基因组中,XC1076注释为6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶。利用突变和表型检测技术,对XC1076进行功能鉴定,结果显示,XC1076的Tn5gusA5插入突变体006B12,在含3%NaCl的NYGB培养基中生长明显缓慢,在含葡萄糖为惟一碳源的NCM培养基中几乎不能生长,反式互补能够基本恢复野生型表型,这说明XC1076与碳代谢调控和抗高渗有关。这些表型实验结果揭示,XC1076的ORF编码的蛋白具有6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶活性。致病生化因子检测显示,XC1076与Xcc胞外酶和胞外多糖的分泌无关。     

不同盐度对中国对虾血淋巴渗透浓度和离子浓度的影响

1、中国对虾生活在盐度为4．5—35．5‰海水(渗透浓度为114—1178mOsm／kg)中，其血淋巴渗透浓度变化范围为587—797mOsm／kg。当海水渗透浓度为602mOsm／kg时，其血淋巴与海水等渗；当海水渗透浓度低于602mOsm／kg时，中国对虾表现为强高渗调节，高于602mOsm／kg时为中等低渗调节。2、中国对虾血淋巴中Na^ 离子在低盐度时为高离子调节，高盐度时为低离子调节。在试验盐度范围内，K^ 和Ca^2 均为高离子调节，Mg^2 为低离子调节。3、中国对虾对盐度突变有较强的适应能力。从盐度15‰海水转移到盐度7‰和28‰海水中，转移后分别在6和24小时中国对虾血淋巴渗透浓度基本能达到稳定。     

Tear-film osmolarity in normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis

Objective To compare the tear‐film osmolarity of normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis. Animal studied The population consisted of shelter, research, and privately owned cats. Procedures Cats were classified as normal or having conjunctivitis. An ophthalmic examination including Schirmer tear test (STT), fluorescein staining, tear‐film break‐up time (TFBUT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and slit‐lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment was performed. The severity of conjunctivitis was graded and assigned a numerical score. The Tear Lab^TM Osmolarity System was utilized to determine the tear‐film osmolarity. Unpaired t‐tests were used to compare tear‐film osmolarity, TFBUT, IOP, and STT of the two groups. Results A total of 93 cats (186 eyes) were examined. There were 37 normal cats (74 eyes) and 39 conjunctivitis cats (78 eyes). The mean age was 2.34 years. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.2065) between the median tear‐film osmolarity of normal cats (328.5 ± 17.94 mOsms/L) and conjunctivitis cats (325.0 ± 24.84 mOsms/L). Cats with conjunctivitis had an accelerated TFBUT (P < 0.0001) and lower IOPs (P < 0.0001) as compared to normal cats. No statistical difference was found between STT values (P = 0.1304). Conclusions The median tear‐film osmolarity of normal cats was 328.5 mOsms/L. Despite the accelerated TFBUT, conjunctivitis did not cause a statistically significant change in tear‐film osmolarity. The Tear Lab^TM Osmolarity System was easily used and well tolerated by the cats in the study.     

Effect of contrast media formulation on computed tomography angiographic contrast enhancement.

The characteristics of contrast media formulation (mgI/ml, osmolarity, and viscosity) are generally not considered important in computed tomography (CT) angiography in animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the contrast effect in CT angiography as a function of contrast media formulation, with a constant iodine dose. The contrast effects of three contrast media with different iodine concentrations were compared by administering identical iodine dosages (mgI/kg). The contrast effects of the three contrast media differed, and the area under the time-attenuation curve of iohexol 350 mgI/ml, which had the highest iodine concentration, was the lowest. It was hypothesized that the contrast effect of a contrast medium decreases with higher iodine concentration because of the high amount of residual iodine present in the circulatory system from the injection site to the portion immediately before the great vessels. In addition, the influence of osmotic dilution on contrast media with high osmolarity was also considered. In conclusion, the contrast effect varies with different contrast media formulations, even when the same iodine dosage is administered.     

Stage‐specific effects of osmolarity of a culture medium on development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos activated by ultrasound treatment

Whether high osmolarity of a culture medium at the early culture stage affects the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos activated by ultrasound was examined. When oocytes were cultured in modified porcine zygote medium‐3 (mPZM‐3) with increased NaCl to 138 mmol/L (mPZM‐3+NaCl; 326 mOsm) or 50 mmol/L sucrose (mPZM‐3+sucrose; 318 mOsm) for the first 2 days and then cultured in normal mPZM‐3 (273 mOsm) for 5 days, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured in mPZM‐3 for 7 days. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of SCNT embryos cultured in mPZM‐3+NaCl for the first 2 days and then cultured in mPZM‐3 for 5 days were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos cultured in mPZM‐3 for 7 days. These results showed that the high osmolarity of a culture medium induced by increasing NaCl concentration during the first 2 days improves the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig SCNT embryos activated by ultrasound.     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

抗戊唑醇禾谷丝核菌的渗透压敏感性及相对渗率变化研究

经药剂筛选和UV诱导,分别获得了抗戊唑醇的禾谷丝核菌Rhizoctonia cerealis菌株,比较了其与敏感菌株对渗透压的敏感性和经不同浓度戊唑醇处理后的相对渗率变化。在相同的渗透压环境下,敏感菌株对渗透压较抗性菌株更为敏感。不同抗性菌株间对渗透压的敏感性在低渗和中渗环境下差异不大,在高渗环境下有一定的差异;而敏感菌株只对低渗透压(1%葡萄糖)和高渗透压(8%葡萄糖)相对较为敏感。用不同浓度的戊唑醇处理后,与敏感菌株相比,抗性菌株能在较短的时间里(1 h)渗出更多的电解质,但最终前者的相对渗率要明显高于后者。用高浓度的戊唑醇处理抗性菌株后,其相对渗率明显高于低浓度处理。     

急性盐度胁迫对施氏鲟的皮质醇、代谢反应及渗透调节的影响

以淡水组为对照，通过对施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）幼鱼96h的急性盐度（15和22）胁迫试验，研究了幼鱼对水体盐度突变的血浆皮质醇和代谢反应，并探讨了施氏鲟适应环境盐度变化的渗透调节机理。结果表明，盐度胁迫导致幼鱼的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度呈现不同程度的升高，随后各项指标逐渐下降，并分别于24、48、96h时基本恢复至正常（对照组）水平。盐度15组的血浆皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度分别在胁迫5、24和48h时达峰值，而盐度22组则分别在0．5、24和24h时即达峰值，且胁迫后0．5h时的皮质醇浓度、12h时的血糖及12～48h时的乳酸浓度均显著高于盐度15处理组（P〈0．05）；各处理组的Na^＋浓度随着盐度的升高及时间的延长而升高，而Cl^-浓度在15和22盐度组中匀先升高后降低，血浆K^＋浓度在盐度组（15和22）与对照组之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。盐度突变导致血浆渗透压升高，并在24h达最大值，胁迫12h和24h时22盐度组幼鱼血浆渗透压的浓度显著高于15盐度组（P〈0．05）。15和22盐度组的Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性变化趋势基本一致，均在12h时达最高值，随后下降，但在12～96h内均处于较高的水平，且均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结果提示，盐度突变可在第一时间内导致施氏鲟血浆皮质醇浓度显著升高，而血糖及乳酸的变化则明显滞后于皮质醇的变化，且通过对幼鱼血浆中皮质醇、血糖及乳酸浓度变化的分析，发现通过机体的生理调整，至96h时施氏鲟幼鱼对水体盐度突变有了较好的适应性。