针叶樱桃软糖的研制

以针叶樱桃粉为主要原料,通过正交试验确定软糖的最佳配方。结果表明,针叶樱桃软糖的最佳配方为针叶樱桃粉用量5 g,白砂糖用量35 g,麦芽糖浆用量50 g,柠檬酸用量0.6 g,明胶用量9 g,果胶用量0.5 g。在最佳工艺配方条件下,得到的产品糖体饱满、表面光滑细腻、软硬适中,具有针叶樱桃特有的风味。     

Typical Travel Events and the Reversal of Modern Image of China

In order to open up the Chinese market,Britain sent two missions to China in 1791 and 1816.The most powerful colonial empire in the world met the most powerful feudal empire in the world.The two sides led the negotiations and exchanges with the concepts of "tribute" and "equal diplomacy",and the failure of the missions of Macartney and Amherst to China was inevitable.The travel texts completed by the members of the mission recorded the process of travel to China and their views on China in detail.Two typical travel events in China completely reversed the western image of China.     

牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。     

Improvement in recruitment of Japanese sardine with delays of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan

To evaluate the impact of temporal variation of primary productivity on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan, the phenology of sea surface phytoplankton abundance was estimated from 8 day multiple satellite (SeaWiFS, MODIS‐Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS) derived sea surface chlorophyll (SSChl) a concentrations from January 1998 to December 2015. Because relationships between SSChl a and in situ chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among periods based on the satellite combinations used, maximum and minimum SSChl a concentrations of 1 year were relativized as 1 and 0, respectively. Spatio‐temporal variation of relativized SSChl a concentrations was determined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Scores in the first EOF mode denoted the basin‐scale variations of SSChl a concentrations in the Sea of Japan, and the major peak from the end of February to the end of May displayed the spring bloom. The logarithm of recruitment per spawner (LNRPS) for sardine was positively affected by delays in the start and end dates of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The delay of the date of the lowest sea surface temperature contributed to the delay of the end of the spring bloom during the period 1998–2015 and elevated the LNRPS during the period 1982–2015. Sardine spawns in the southern Sea of Japan from April to May, hence, delays of the spring bloom prolonged its overlap with sardine larval periods, and thus improved the recruitment of Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan.     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场重构与模态分析

针对传统离心泵水力性能优化设计的复杂性，提出采用本征正交分解-径向基函数（POD-RBF）混合代理模型方法对离心泵叶轮内流场进行重构分析。由三次Bezier曲线对低比转数离心泵二维叶片型线进行参数化控制，通过对叶片包角、进出口安放角等控制参数进行适量的扰动得到叶片型线的样本集。由叶片型线参数及叶轮CFD内流场数据构成样本的快照矢量集，根据几何相似及网格变形方法插值得到各相似节点的流场参数，依据本征正交分解法（POD）将快照集分解为一系列正交基的线性组合。由径向基函数（RBF）拟合目标叶型所对应的正交基系数，实现了对目标叶轮内流场的重构。采用POD-RBF方法对MH48-12.5型低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场进行了重构，其压力预测均方根误差为0.84%，速度预测误差基本在0.5m/s以内，流场预测所需时间约为CFD计算的1/240。对样本集进行POD基模态分析，得到了各阶基模态流场特征及能量分布特性。     

变间距梳刷式枸杞采收装置优化设计与试验

为实现枸杞机械化采收,提高枸杞采摘的采净率、降低损伤率,提出一种在沟槽凸轮的引导下,压板迫使骨架侧向张开,进而调节梳刷指间距的设计方案。通过对枸杞自然特征和物理参数测量分析,建立了梳刷指变间距控制部件的数学模型,并利用Matlab对其关键零件进行结构设计优化。以宁杞1号为研究对象,设计多参数变量的正交试验,以采净率和损伤率作为评价指标,得到对采摘效果影响程度由大到小的梳刷指参数依次为弹簧钢长度、指间距、弹簧钢直径;最佳的梳刷指参数组合为:指间距为8 mm、弹簧钢长度为45 mm、弹簧钢直径为1.1 mm。在宁夏农科院枸杞研究所进行实地采收试验,结果表明:采净率为90%,损伤率为8.41%,满足枸杞采收的工作要求。     

1株巨大口蘑的鉴定及培养基中无机盐优化

为筛选巨大口蘑菌丝生长的最优培养基,从采集自云南临沧的野生口蘑子实体中分离获得菌株YAASM4295,利用形态学与ITS序列分析的方法对其进行分类学鉴定;并以不同的无机盐为基础,通过单因素试验,各筛选出2种大量元素和微量元素,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,分析4种无机盐及其正交组合对该菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,采集到的菌株为巨大口蘑,供试无机盐对其菌丝生长在不同程度上均有促进作用,其中0.1 mg·m L~(-1)MgSO_4、0.1 mg·m L~(-1)K_2HPO_4、0.05 mg·L~(-1)CoCl_2、0.05 mg·L~(-1)Mn Cl_2对该菌生长与生长势的促进作用最大,且与其它处理相比达到了极显著水平。4种无机盐协同作用对该菌菌丝生长影响的大小依次为Mg SO4CoCl_2MnCl_2K2HPO4;最佳组合为0.2 mg·m L~(-1)Mg SO4+0.1 mg·m L~(-1)K_2HPO_4+0.01 mg·L~(-1)MnCl_2+0.01 mg·L~(-1)CoCl_2。综上,该野生巨大口蘑菌株在各无机盐培养基组合之间的菌丝生长速度差异极显著,不同组合间有明显的交互作用,这为其优质栽培提供了理论依据。     

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的优化设计及试验

青饲料收获机切碎辊刀具的设计直接影响秸秆的切割质量。刀具与秸秆接触时的受力分析表明，切割力与秸秆的压应力有关，而压应力不仅与秸秆物理特性有关，也与刀刃的倾斜角有关。利用Ansys-Workbench有限元软件进行仿真分析，结果表明,当刀具材料为65Mn、刀具厚度为8 mm、刀尖倾斜角度为30°时，刀具的等效应力最小。以秸秆层厚度、刀具倾斜角、秸秆含水率为试验因素，以切割装置切割秸秆时的扭矩值为试验指标，通过正交试验及交互作用分析，确定了因素对指标影响的主次关系为：A2>C2>B2>A>BC>AC>C>B，当秸秆层厚度7.5 cm、刀具倾斜角度35°、秸秆含水率35%时，刀辊扭矩值最小。验证试验结果表明选取的较优参数组合真实可行。该研究为新型刀具及防堵刀辊的机理研究提供了理论和试验借鉴。     

基于正交设计的制丝工艺参数对叶丝质量的影响

采用正交试验设计方法,探究松散回潮回风温度、加料回风温度、加料出口含水率、烘丝蒸汽流量、烘丝筒壁温度、烘丝热风温度、烘丝排潮负压7个工艺参数对叶丝整丝率、碎丝率、填充值和感官质量的影响,运用直观分析、方差分析和综合平衡法优化工艺参数。结果表明:(1)松散回潮回风温度显著影响叶丝碎丝率、填充值及感官质量,加料回风温度仅显著影响填充值,加料出口含水率对叶丝整丝率、填充值和碎丝率影响较小,烘丝蒸汽流量、烘丝筒壁温度、烘丝热风温度、烘丝排潮负压对叶丝整丝率、填充值和碎丝率和感官质量均有影响;(2)在试验范围内,制丝工艺参数的优选组合为松散回潮回风温度57℃,加料回风温度52℃,加料出口含水率19.5%,烘丝蒸汽流量700 kg/h,烘丝筒壁温度132℃,烘丝热风温度115℃,烘丝排潮负压–18μbar,经验证,整丝率、填充值及感官质量总分较优化前分别提高了3.84%、0.44 cm3/g、5.1分,碎丝率降低了0.23%,优化后的制丝工艺提高了叶丝质量。