Integrated Pest Management in Cocoa Agroforests in Southern Cameroon: Constraints and Overview

Imports of pesticides have long been subsidised for use in the cocoa agroforests of the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. With the liberalisation of the cocoa and pesticides sectors and the devaluation of the local currency (CFA franc), farmers are facing fluctuations in the price paid for cocoa and the high cost of farm inputs. Without the support of the extension services, they themselves have developed traditional integrated control methods based on the use of plant extracts mixed with conventional pesticides. From a survey of 300 cocoa farmers, the study assesses the farmers' command of these methods, the pests controlled, the problems encountered and the institutional constraints in the definition and dissemination of integrated control methods. The study concludes with recommendations for research and development towards the better definition and dissemination of integrated control methods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

有效碳数法研究及其在农药气相色谱分析中的应用

有机化合物结构与其所含有的有效碳数有一定的关系，本文给出了２０类结构化合物及其所含有有效碳数的关系，并对理论计算值和实测值进行了比较，结果十分接近，利用有效碳数法可以设计农药分析实验方案和无标样的情况下测定农药杂质含量。     

大花君子兰叶绿体基因组及其特征

采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对大花君子兰(Clivia miniata)叶片总DNA进行测序,通过组装获得了其叶绿体基因组(cpDNA)全长序列(158 114 bp)。对其cpDNA注释得到135个基因,包含87个蛋白编码基因、40个tRNA基因和8个r RNA基因。采用生物信息学方法对获得的cpDNA进行简单序列重复(SSR)分析和密码子偏好性分析。结果显示:①大花君子兰cpDNA中共有61个SSR位点,其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复数分别为38、9、2、8、3和1个,多数SSR分布在基因间隔区;②大花君子兰cpDNA密码子偏爱以A或U(T)结尾,亮氨酸使用频率最高,半胱氨酸使用频率最低。基于24种植物的cpDNA全长和23种植物的叶绿体ycf2基因序列进行系统发育分析,结果显示大花君子兰与石蒜科植物在同一分支,显示最近的亲缘关系,支持大花君子兰属于石蒜科。基于叶绿体ycf2的系统发育分析结果与基于cpDNA全长的系统发育分析研究结果大部分相同,支持ycf2基因可以代替cpDNA全长用于植物系统发育分析。     

引江济淮工程菜子湖线有机磷农药分布特征及生态风险评价

选取引江济淮工程重要的输水线之一菜子湖线为研究区域,检测分析了12种有机磷农药(organophosphorus pesticides, OPPs)在沿线水和沉积物中的污染水平、分布特征及生态环境风险,以更好地评估引江济淮工程菜子湖线水域农药类环境激素的污染及生态风险情况。结果表明：水体中OPPs的总质量浓度为112.8～1 781.4 ng/L,主要以溴硫磷、三硫磷和灭线磷为主;沉积物中OPPs的总浓度范围为290.33～13 105.25 ng/g,主要以灭线磷、治螟磷和毒虫畏为主。相对于我国其他水域,引江济淮工程菜子湖线水和沉积物中OPPs的主要污染物类别差异较大。水体中OPPs生态风险评估结果表明,溴硫磷、三硫磷和毒虫畏在菜子湖线全域均表现出较高生态风险(RQ>1),C、D、H和K这4个站点OPPs风险较高(RQ>10 000),敌敌畏和治螟磷在大部分水域表现出中等(0.1相似文献   

不同外界条件对豆瓣菜富硒能力的影响研究

为了研究不同硒浓度、温度、pH值和栽培方式下豆瓣菜对硒富集能力的影响,采用原子荧光法对硒含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,随着硒浓度增加,豆瓣菜对硒的富集量增加;温度升高时,中等浓度硒添加量的豆瓣菜富硒能力更强,当添加浓度继续升高时,则低温度下豆瓣菜富硒能力比高温的强;pH值由6增加至7时,豆瓣菜的富硒能力减弱;不同栽培方式对豆瓣菜的富集能力影响较大,在添加相同浓度的硒溶液时,水培豆瓣菜的富硒量远超土培的豆瓣菜。     

吡虫啉与三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的联合毒力

本文探讨了吡虫啉分别与氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯复配对马铃薯桃蚜的防治效果,为合理有效地应用复配剂对其进行化学防治提供依据。应用共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。采用共毒因子法测定结果表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯混配对马铃薯桃蚜防治有明显增效作用。进一步采用共毒系数法测定表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯复配比例为2∶3时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数达276.82;吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯以6∶1复配时,表现出拮抗作用。     

连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的测定

通过超声波提取法和液液分配萃取法制备连钱草萃取物,采用生长速率法测定连钱草萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：连钱草的石油醚萃取物和氯仿萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌、棉花立枯病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌等4种植物病原真菌均有较强的抑制活性,其中氯仿萃取物对棉花立枯病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.619 3mg/mL。石油醚萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.837 3、3.517 8、1.496 0、2.3517mg/mL,氯仿萃取物对4种植物病原真菌的EC50分别为：0.619 3、4.458 6、1.689 8、1.556 3mg/mL。     

光活化农药的研究与应用

结合作者近期的研究工作，对光活化农药的研究现状、作用机理、应用前景及其与新农药创 制的关系进行了综述。     

Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments

Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop‐specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

大棚中百菌清等4种农药在小白菜上的降解规律研究

研究了小白菜栽培过程中,百菌清、敌敌畏、氧化乐果和抗蚜威在不同施用剂量条件下的农药降解动态规律,结果表明,不同农药在小白菜中的残留量和降解速度有较大差异。4种农药施药后在小白菜上的残留量随喷药时间的推移而减少,抗蚜威降解速度最慢,氧化乐果降解速度最快。