Wx^mp基因背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对水稻蒸煮食味品质的影响

【目的】分析在同一主效基因(Wx^mp)背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响,以期为水稻品质遗传改良提供依据。【方法】选择在SSⅡa和PUL存在多态性而其他淀粉合成酶相关基因没有多态性的半糯品系宁0145和粳稻品种武运粳21进行杂交,获得F2群体与F3株系。利用分子标记,选择含有Wx^mp基因的F2单株与F3株系,将这些F2单株与F3株系分成SSⅡa^nPUL^n、SSⅡa^nPUL^w、SSⅡa^wPUL^n和SSⅡa^wPUL^w4种基因型(n和w分别表示该基因来源于宁0145和武运粳21),分析不同基因型蒸煮食味品质性状的差异,探讨同一Wxmp基因背景下不同SSⅡa和PUL等位基因对蒸煮食味品质性状的影响。【结果】不同基因型间蒸煮食味品质性状均存在显著差异,来源于武运粳21的SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因分别使直链淀粉含量增加0.29%~1.00%和0.62%~1.18%,且PUL的效应大于SSⅡa,两者间存在互作效应。SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因降低胶稠度和崩解值,提高了热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值和回复值,对糊化温度、峰值黏度和峰值时间的作用较小。【结论】明确了Wx^mp背景下SSⅡa和PUL基因对稻米蒸煮食味品质的遗传效应,该研究结果为SSⅡa和PUL基因的分子标记辅助选择改良稻米品质提供了理论依据。     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫膜结合海藻糖酶基因RNAi效应

海藻糖是昆虫的血糖，为昆虫提供能量；海藻糖酶催化海藻糖分解为葡萄糖，是几丁质生物合成的原料。围食膜（peritrophic membranes，PMs）是昆虫消化道特有结构，对昆虫消化食物、保护肠道表皮细胞具有重要作用；几丁质是PMs的重要组分。海藻糖酶（trehalase，Tre）和几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase，CHS）是几丁质合成途径的第1个和最后1个酶。本研究通过饲喂亚洲玉米螟（Orstrinia furnacalis，Asian corn borer，ACB）膜结合海藻糖酶（OfMT）基因特异的干扰dsRNA，研究RNAi对ACB幼虫中肠CHSB（OfCHSB）基因表达及幼虫发育的影响。发现处理48 h后，OfMT基因和OfCHSB基因表达量分别下降了52%和53%，幼虫发育迟缓。通过对处理及对照ACB幼虫中肠石蜡切片进行苏木精-伊红染色（hematoxylin-ethanol，HE染色）和几丁质标记，发现血腔内脂肪体组织减小、中肠围食膜组织中几丁质含量减少。推测OfMT基因有可能成为ACB的生物防治的靶标基因。     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂对宰后成熟过程中牦牛肉品质的影响

【目的】研究一氧化氮对宰后牦牛肉品质的影响,为牦牛肉品质改善提供理论依据。【方法】以3—5岁去势甘南牦牛肉为材料,取其背最长肌,剔除筋膜、脂肪等,切成大小均匀的薄片（8 cm×8 cm）,用20 G针均匀穿刺,分别采用去离子水（对照组）和1、10、100 mmol·L ^-1一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）抑制剂（N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯盐酸盐）在4℃条件下1﹕1（V/m）浸泡肉样1 d,然后在4℃条件下成熟,测定成熟期间（0、1、3、5和7 d）NOS活性与一氧化氮含量、肌原纤维小片化指数（MFI）、总巯基含量、羰基含量、pH、色度等指标。【结果】NOS抑制剂处理后的牦牛背最长肌NOS活性和一氧化氮含量显著降低,成熟第7天时,处理组的NOS活性分别比对照组低30.9%、43.6%、74.7%,一氧化氮含量分别比对照组低4.7%、12.5%、21.5%。处理后的牦牛肉pH显著降低,第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低0.8%、5.7%、15.2%,其中10和100 mmol·L ^-1 NOS抑制剂处理组显著低于对照组。处理显著降低了牦牛肉羰基含量,成熟第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低4.1%、19.0%、22.2%。此外,处理组MFI显著上升,成熟第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低31.1%、23.3%、9.6%。处理组牦牛肉总巯基含量显著上升,第7天时,对照组比NOS抑制剂处理组分别低3.2%、3.7%、2.7%。成熟过程中,NOS抑制剂处理使肉色a ^*值显著降低,肉色L ^*值显著升高,第7天时,处理组的肉色a ^*值分别比对照组低7.1%、40.2%、30.7%,肉色L ^*值分别比对照组高1.1%、2.0%、1.1%。【结论】一氧化氮促进宰后牦牛肉蛋白质氧化,抑制牦牛肉嫩化,使肉色L ^*值降低,a ^*值升高,对宰后牦牛肉的品质产生负面影响,而NOS抑制剂能降低肌肉中NOS活性。     

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对叶菜产量和环境效应的影响

针对叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例及对经济效益和环境效应综合评价较缺乏等问题,本研究采用田间试验,对包心菜和小青菜进行等氮水平下不同比例有机肥替代化肥处理,包括:纯化肥氮(0M),25%、50%、75%和100%有机肥替代化肥(25%M、50%M、75%M和100%M),研究不同处理下蔬菜产量、经济效益、土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放。结果表明, 25%M处理下包心菜和小青菜产量均达最高,且与0M处理相比包心菜和小青菜的产量分别增加15.0%(P0.05)和16.3%(P0.05)。25%M比0M处理经济效益分别增加11.7%和5.4%,但在50%M、75%M和100%M处理下经济效益为负增长。25%M处理下,氨挥发累积排放量在包心菜和小青菜季分别为42.1kg·hm~(-2)和12.9kg·hm~(-2),比0M处理分别降低23.4%(P0.05)和41.6%(P0.05); 0M和25%M处理间氧化亚氮累积排放量无显著差异, 25%M处理在包心菜和小青菜季的氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为0.74 kg·hm~(-2)和3.06 kg·hm~(-2);与25%M处理相比, 50%M、75%M和100%M处理下氧化亚氮排放分别增加33.7%～60.8%(P0.05)、50.0%～134.3%(P0.05)和56.8%～185.6%(P0.05)。基于此,提出叶菜类蔬菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的适宜替代比例在25%左右时可实现最佳的增效减排效果。     

不同施肥和保水措施对油茶土壤N2O排放的影响

为探究不同施肥和保水措施对油茶土壤N_2O排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,设置对照(B0CK)、氮肥(N,0.13 g N·kg~(-1))、磷肥(P,0.065 g P·kg~(-1))、氮磷肥(NP,0.13 g N·kg~(-1)+0.065 g P·kg~(-1))、低复合保水材料(生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺,B1,每盆13.65 g炭+1.35 g聚丙烯酰胺)、高复合保水材料(生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺,B2,每盆27.30 g炭+2.70 g聚丙烯酰胺)、低复合保水材料和N(NB1)、高复合保水材料和N(NB2)、低复合保水材料和P(PB1)、高复合保水材料和P(PB2)、低复合保水材料和NP(NPB1)、高复合保水材料和NP(NPB2),共12个处理,进行不同施肥和保水措施下土壤N_2O排放的差异比较。结果表明,N、P添加均显著增加土壤N_2O的累积排放量,NP添加与对照无差异。施加复合保水材料抑制土壤N_2O的排放,随着复合保水材料施用量的增加,土壤N_2O的排放显著降低,与对照相比,B1和B2处理N_2O减排50%以上。N添加条件下,与对照相比,添加复合保水材料NB1、NB2的N_2O累积排放显著降低。P与复合保水材料无交互作用。N、P和复合保水材料对土壤N_2O累积排放量具有显著作用,在NP同施时,与对照相比,添加复合保水材料NPB1、NPB2的N_2O累积排放分别降低了1.18%、30.69%。因此,高复合保水材料类型的施肥措施对减少油茶土壤N_2O排放具有重要意义,从而对缓解全球气候变化具有重要影响。     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

外源NO及反向调控PEG胁迫下苜蓿萌发种子抗氧化酶及其同工酶动态的研究

以紫花苜蓿为材料,用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)及一氧化氮清除剂c-PTIO对苜蓿种子进行浸种处理,采用分光光度法和同工酶电泳技术来研究外源NO及反向调控对PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿抗氧化酶活性及其同工酶的影响,并探讨NO调控苜蓿种子耐旱性的生理机制。结果表明:PEG胁迫下外施0.1 mmol·L^-1 SNP,第6天时较PEG处理POD活性降低了32.72%;第4天时SOD、CAT活性较PEG处理升高了10.48%、23.60%,有效缓解了PEG对紫花苜蓿萌发中种子的氧化损伤,提高其抗氧化能力。PEG胁迫下添加 c-PTIO抑制了苜蓿萌发期的抗氧化系统活性。从同工酶的谱带数量和强弱来看,POD同工酶各区带活力均随PEG胁迫时间的延长而增加,在第2天酶带只有1条,而第4天酶带呈现9条;SOD和CAT同工酶表达量变化不显著,但酶带强弱有一定变化,S3酶带随处理时间的延长表达量逐渐减弱;CAT同工酶谱带则一直保持2条带,无明显强弱变化。因此,外源NO在PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿萌发中抗氧化酶快速响应并在维护氧自由基代谢平衡中起重要保护作用。     

Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases (SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica (MdSUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MdSUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, MdSUS1s and MdSUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas MdSUS2.2/2.3 and MdSUS3s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most MdSUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both MdSUS2.1 and MdSUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different MdSUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.     

Roles of protein phosphatase 4 in down-regulation of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid in human umbilical vein endotheli?al cells

AIMTo investigate the roles of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) in down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid (PA). METHODSHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with PA at 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200μmol/L for 36 h, or treated with PA at 100 μmol/L for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) family inhibitor fostriecin (FST, 20 nmol/L) or okadaic acid (OA, 5 nmol/L) was selected to pretreat the HUVECs for 30 min. Protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4c) siRNA or protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) siRNA was transfected into the HUVECs. The protein expression levels of of eNOS, PP4c and PP2Ac, as well as the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation, were detected by Western blot. The intracellular nitric oxide (NO) content was measured by DAF-FM DA. RESULTS(1) Compared with control group, the levels of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation were decreased in PA groups in which the HUVECs were treated with 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L PA for 36 h (P<0.05) and 100 μmol/L PA for 24 h, 36 h and 48 h (P<0.05). No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (2) Compared with control group, both FST and OA pretreatment reversed the reduction of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation (P<0.05) and the decrease in intracellular NO content (P<0.05) induced by PA. No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (3) Compared with si-Control group, the PP4c protein expression was significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation was significantly increased in si-PP4c group (P<0.05). Although the levels of PP2Ac protein expression declined significantly (P<0.05), the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation remained unchanged in si-PP2Ac group. No significant differencein the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was found. CONCLUSION PA significantly reduces the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation and the content of NO in the HUVECs, which may be due to PA inducing the activation of the PP2A family member PP4 rather than PP2A.     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23调控抗白粉病的研究

利用同源克隆法得到抗白粉病的中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23的开放阅读框，并构建过表达载体；通过器官发生途径诱导不抗白粉病的欧洲葡萄‘无核白’分生愈伤组织并采用农杆菌介导法对其进行转化；经过PCR检测和Western blot鉴定，获得了5株VqSTS11超量表达植株和3株VqSTS23超量表达植株；人工接种白粉菌发现，转基因植株中白粉菌菌丝生长速度慢，孢子萌发受到一定的抑制，并且转基因植株中芪合酶基因相对表达量升高，抗病相关基因表达上调，芪类物质含量积累增多。本研究结果进一步证明中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23对白粉菌具有抗性，‘丹凤–2’可以为改良欧洲葡萄品种抗病性提供抗病基因，作为抗病育种的资源。