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针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。  相似文献   
3.
Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae are the causal agents of important needle diseases on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Little is known about the epidemiology of the diseases, making the development of control strategies challenging. To investigate the seasonality and climatic drivers of sporulation, inoculum traps, consisting of pine fascicles floating on water in plastic containers, were exchanged fortnightly at five sites in P. radiata plantations between February 2012 and December 2014. Sections of needle baits were plated onto selective media and growth of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae recorded. To explore the generalizability of these data, they were compared to detection data for both pathogens from the New Zealand Forest Health Database (NZFHDB). Further, equivalent analyses on infection of Rhododendron ponticum by P. kernoviae in Cornwall, UK allowed the comparison of the epidemiology of P. kernoviae across different host systems and environments. In New Zealand, inoculum of P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was detected between January–December and March–November, respectively. Inoculum of both species peaked in abundance in late winter. The probability of detecting P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae was greater at lower temperatures, while the probability of detecting P. pluvialis also increased during periods of wet weather. Similar patterns were observed in NZFHDB data. However, the seasonal pattern of infection by P. kernoviae in the UK was the opposite of that seen for sporulation in New Zealand. Phytophthora kernoviae was likely limited by warmer and drier summers in New Zealand, but by colder winter weather in the UK. These results emphasize the importance of considering both environmental drivers and thresholds in improving our understanding of pathogen epidemiology.  相似文献   
4.
Sepsis of the calcaneal bursae (CB) presents significant treatment challenges with limited clinical data available in the literature. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the clinical outcomes associated with CB lavage using either a through-and-through needle or bursoscopic technique. Clinical records of 29 horses treated for septic calcaneal bursitis using either technique between 2005 and 2019 were reviewed. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess statistical significance between first surgical technique and success at first surgery (i.e. not requiring >1 lavage), survival to discharge and return to work (RTW). Bursoscopy was performed in 13/29 (44.8%) cases, and needle lavage in 16/29 (55.2%). In the needle group, 12 (75%) horses were discharged following the first surgery. Four had repeat interventions; two (12.5%) had needle lavage and two (12.5%) had bursoscopy. Of the two horses to have repeat needle lavage, one was subjected to euthanasia and one discharged, and of the two that underwent bursoscopy, one was discharged and one received a third bursoscopy prior to discharge. In the bursoscopy group, seven (53.8%) were discharged and three (23.1%) were subjected to euthanasia following the first surgery. Three (23.1%) received a second bursoscopic lavage with one discharged, one subjected to euthanasia and one having a third bursoscopic lavage prior to discharge. Overall, 18/24 (75%) followed up cases RTW, 10 (55.5%) from the needle group, eight (44.4%) the bursoscopy group. No statistically significant differences between first surgical technique used and success at first surgery (no subsequent lavage(s) required), survival to discharge or return to work were detected. The main limitations of this study are that it is a retrospective study, has a small population with limited statistical power and potential selection bias. No statistically significant differences existed between the outcomes of the two techniques, contrary to the belief that bursoscopic lavage is superior. Larger, multicentred studies, with greater statistical power are required to further assess this relationship.  相似文献   
5.
2018 年,在河北省保定市园林植物紫荆(Cercis chinensis)根围分离到一种长针线虫。经形态 学观察和 28S rDNA D2D3 区序列分析,将其鉴定为松长针线虫(Longidorus pinus Xu, Ye, Wang & Zhao)。 其雌虫主要形态特征为:雌虫体长 3 048~3 464 μm,唇区明显缢缩,宽 9.5~10.5 μm,侧器囊袋状,齿尖 针长 66.0~69.5 μm,导环距体前端 27.5~30.0 μm,尾长 31~33 μm,短圆锥形,尾长与肛门处体宽比值= 1.5~1.6。松长针线虫河北种群 28S rDNA D2D3 区与 GenBank 数据库的山西种群进行序列比对,相似性为 99.2%~99.9%。松长针线虫是河北省长针线虫新纪录种。紫荆是松长针线虫的新寄主。  相似文献   
6.
采用地下管道进行土壤增温5℃与透明U型管隔离降水50%的方法,人工模拟21世纪末全球气候变暖大环境下闽西北中亚热带地区杉木的生长环境。借助生物数码显微图像分析系统测定了土壤增温隔水处理对杉木幼林材管胞形态的影响规律。结果表明,土壤增温5℃极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞长度、宽度、腔径和长宽比,显著提高了杉木幼林材管胞壁腔比,而对杉木幼林材管胞壁厚影响不显著;隔离降水50%极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞宽度、壁厚和腔径,极显著提高了杉木幼林材管胞长宽比,而对杉木幼林材管胞长度、壁腔比影响不显著;土壤增温5℃且隔离降水50%极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞的壁厚,显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞的长宽比;土壤增温对杉木幼林材管胞形态的影响总体上大于隔离降水。研究结果为全球变暖大环境下杉木人工林木材品质定向培育及其合理利用提供理论依据。  相似文献   
7.
Since its invasion into China in 1979, the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, has spread from Dandong city (about 40°N) in Liaoning Province to Nanjing city (about 32°N) in Jiangsu Province, and to other areas. Owing to geographic and latitudinal gradients in temperature, H. cunea will encounter temperature changes during the spreading process. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that autumn warming accelerates the energy consumption of H. cunea diapause pupae. We found that, after autumn warming, the body size and mass of diapause pupae decreased significantly and raised constant temperature accelerated carbohydrate and protein consumption in female pupae, while fluctuating temperature changes had a more pronounced effect on carbohydrate and protein consumption in male pupae. Contrary to expectations, the lipid content of diapause pupae did not decrease after autumn warming, and even increased significantly. We conclude that warming in autumn accelerates energy consumption by diapause pupae, and the autumn energy consumption of diapause pupae is dominated by carbohydrates, supplemented by protein when carbohydrates are overconsumed, while lipid use is dominated by anabolic metabolism during autumn.  相似文献   
8.
稻田被认为是温室气体CH_4和N_2O的主要排放源之一。湖北省江汉平原地区水稻常年种植面积约8×105 hm2,占湖北省水稻种植面积的40%左右。研究江汉平原地区稻田温室气体排放特征,对于评估区域稻田温室气体排放以及稻田温室气体减排具有重要意义。目前,DNDC模型已被广泛应用于模拟和估算田间尺度的温室气体排放,DNDC模型与地理信息系统(Arc GIS)结合,可进行区域尺度的温室气体排放模拟与估算。本研究以湖北省典型稻作区江汉平原为研究区域,运用DNDC模型模拟和估算江汉平原稻田区域尺度的温室气体排放。设置大田定点观测试验,监测中稻-小麦(RW)、中稻-油菜(RR)、中稻-冬闲(RF)3种种植模式下稻田温室气体CH_4和N_2O的周年排放特征。通过田间观测值与DNDC模拟值的比较进行模型验证,并利用获取DNDC模型所需的气象、土壤、作物及田间管理等区域数据,模拟江汉平原稻田不同种植模式下温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放量。田间试验表明,江汉平原稻田RW、RR和RF模型的CH_4排放通量为-2.80~39.78 mg·m-2·h-1、-1.74~42.51 mg·m-2·h-1和-1.57~55.64 mg·m-2·h-1,N_2O周年排放通量范围分别为0~1.90 mg·m-2·h-1、0~1.76mg·m-2·h-1和0~1.49 mg·m-2·h-1;CH_4排放量RW和RR模式显著高于RF模式,N_2O排放量为RF显著低于RW和RR模式。模型验证结果表明,不同种植模式温室气体排放实测值与模拟值比较的决定系数(R2)为0.85~0.98,相对误差绝对值(RAE)为8.29%~16.42%。根据DNDC模型模拟和估算的结果,江汉平原区域稻田CH_4周年的排放量为0.292 9 Tg C,N_2O周年的排放量为0.009 2 Tg N,不同种植模式稻田CH_4排放量表现为RWRRRF,N_2O排放量表现为RWRFRR,增温潜势(GWP)表现为RWRRRF。不同地区稻田CH_4排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县天门市仙桃市洪湖市松滋市汉川市潜江市石首市荆州市江陵县赤壁市嘉鱼县,N_2O排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县洪湖市仙桃市天门市汉川市潜江市松滋市荆州市江陵县赤壁市石首市嘉鱼县。本研究结果表明DNDC模型能较好地应用于模拟江汉平原稻田温室气体排放,RR和RF模式相比RW模式可有效减少温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放。  相似文献   
9.
Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) has been observed in Slovakia during the last two decades. Up until 2017, Dothistroma septosporum has only been detected and molecularly confirmed to cause DNB in Slovakia. Here, we report the detection of Dothistroma pini at six localities around Slovakia, representing different plantation types. Four pine species (Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, P. mugo and P. jeffreyi) were confirmed as hosts of D. pini in Slovakia, of which only P. mugo has been previously reported as host in Slovakia. Three gene regions (ITS, EF1 –α, and ß-tubulin) of each of the 13 isolates were sequenced and assigned as D. pini. Based on ITS sequences, the studied isolates represent the haplotypes Dp_HAP.1, Dp_HAP.2. Both mating types were detected but at different localities. Our results suggest that in addition to D. septosporum, D. pini may contribute to DNB also in Slovakia.  相似文献   
10.
气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
水稻生产系统是响应气候变化最敏感的农业生态系统之一,本文综述了当前和未来气候变化对我国水稻生产的影响。气候变化背景下,我国水稻生长季的热量资源增多,辐射资源减少,降水不均一性加大。高温热害、干旱、暴雨和洪涝灾害发生更频繁,这可能降低水、热资源的有效性。气候变化使我国单季稻和双季稻潜在种植边界显著北移,导致单季稻、早稻和晚稻的主要生育期缩短。基于统计模型和水稻生长模型的研究结果表明,如果不考虑品种改良和栽培技术的进步,气候变化使单季稻、早稻和晚稻产量下降,但不同稻作区和方法间存在差异。我国水稻生产重心北移、实测生育期延长和产量增加的变化趋势,反映了水稻生产系统通过种植分布调整、品种改良和技术改进来适应气候变化的能力。未来气候变化将进一步导致水稻生育期缩短和产量下降,对我国水稻生产和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。仍需加强气候变化影响机制的研究及其在影响评估中的应用,减小影响评估的不确定性并增加其系统性,为制定有效的应对策略提供可靠的理论支持。  相似文献   
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