腐烂葡萄中微生物多样性及真菌毒素测定分析

以天津、北京、杭州等10个地区的葡萄园以及市场中的75份腐烂葡萄为研究对象，应用分子生物学手段进行葡萄表面微生物（细菌和真菌）多样性的核酸测序（包括16S区域扩增子和ITS区域扩增子）分析；同时基于次级代谢产物，使用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对葡萄样本进行了21种真菌毒素的测定分析，以初步摸清主要风险危害，锁定风险菌株。结果表明，对表面微生物的核酸测序共获得细菌16S有效OTU信息732个和真菌ITS有效OTU信息4 336个，构建了葡萄表面菌相分子数据库，其中包括367种细菌和256种真菌，其主要病原菌为青霉、黑曲、链格孢菌、杂色曲霉、灰葡萄孢、炭疽和盾壳霉；通过真菌毒素测定分析，共检测出4种真菌毒素，分别为交链孢毒素AOH、交链孢毒素AME、交链孢毒素TeA和交链孢毒素TEN。     

The role of ear environment in postharvest susceptibility of maize to toxigenic Aspergillus flavus

A kernel screening assay (KSA) was used to assess the genetic and environmental effects on the vulnerability of maize to aflatoxin accumulation. Kernels of 26 inbred lines that had been grown in seven environments, and 190 lines of the Intermated B73xMo17 (IBM) population grown in one location in the United States, were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of A. flavus and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 6 days. Percent kernel colonization (PKC), sporulation and aflatoxin were influenced by the maize genotypes (G), the location (“ear environment” or E) and the GxE interactions. Overall, low broad‐sense heritabilities were observed for PKC, sporulation and aflatoxin. PKC was significantly correlated with sporulation in all environments. Aflatoxin was positively correlated with colonization for two and with sporulation for all ear environments. Higher grain sulphur or magnesium in IBM was associated with less colonization or aflatoxin. Postharvest susceptibility of maize to aflatoxin is thus influenced by factors that are modulated by the ear environment. In a KSA, sporulation could be a proxy test for aflatoxin accumulation.     

镰刀菌毒素对动物毒性作用的研究进展

镰刀菌是污染粮食和饲料的主要真菌菌属之一,可产生多种高毒性、低分子量的代谢产物,如玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素等,这些毒素严重威胁动物和人类的健康。摄入镰刀菌毒素可对动物造成多种毒性作用,包括生殖毒性、免疫毒性、肠道毒性、肝肾毒性、细胞毒性及致癌性等。不同类型镰刀菌毒素引起的毒性作用不尽一致,且不同毒素间存在互作效应。为此,本文对单一或混合镰刀菌毒素毒性的研究进展进行了总结和归纳,为镰刀菌毒素的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。     

饲料中主要霉菌毒素液相色谱串联质谱同时测定技术研究进展

饲料中霉菌毒素是我国畜禽养殖业中存在的主要危害因素之一。在饲料中常见、且对动物健康造成严重损害的霉菌毒素有6种,即黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B1。本文全面深入分析了国内外对这6种主要霉菌毒素检测技术的最新研究,对其方法过程和性能特点(提取剂、净化方法、定量方法、回收率等)进行了系统比较,为我国建立饲料中这6种霉菌毒素高效、经济、环境友好的同时检测技术标准提供经验。     

Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

饲粮中霉菌毒素快速检测技术研究现状及发展方向

霉菌毒素的污染广泛存在,对饲料和粮食造成严重危害,给食品和农业造成巨大的经济损失,因此对霉菌毒素的监管也越来越得到重视。传统霉菌毒素检测方法虽然有着良好的重现性和准确度,但存在试验周期较长,实验过程相对复杂等缺点。霉菌毒素快速检测技术因检测较为快速、灵敏,且检测成本相对较低,实验过程简捷等特点,越来越被市场关注。文章就应用较为广泛的胶体金酶联免疫层析快速检测技术进行比较评价。     

自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清酶水平的影响

试验旨在研究自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉(M)对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清酶水平的影响。选用28日龄平均体重(9.59±0.79)kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,50%M组和100%M组分别用自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉替代基础日粮中50%和100%优质的玉米及玉米蛋白粉。预试期7d,正试期15d。结果表明:1随着自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉替代比例的增加,仔猪平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)呈线性或二次曲线降低(P0.05),其中,50%M、100%M组仔猪ADG显著降低,100%M组ADFI显著降低(P0.05)。2随着自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉替代比例的增加,仔猪日粮总能(GE)、有机物(OM)、干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率呈线性或二次曲线降低(P0.05)。3随着自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉替代比例的增加,血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)水平呈线性或二次曲线降低(P0.05),丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平呈线性或二次曲线升高(P0.05),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平呈先降后升的二次曲线变化(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲喂自然霉变玉米和玉米蛋白粉可降低仔猪生长性能,降低日粮总能、有机物、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的表观消化率,影响机体血清酶的正常水平。     

Comparative population structure and trichothecene mycotoxin profiling of Fusarium graminearum from corn and wheat in Ontario,central Canada

Fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and gibberella ear rot (GER) of corn in Canada and also contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins. Very little is known about trichothecene diversity and population structure of the fungus from corn in Ontario, central Canada. Trichothecene genotypes of F. graminearum isolated from corn (n = 452) and wheat (n = 110) from 2010 to 2012 were identified. All the isolates were deoxynivalenol (DON) type. About 96% of corn isolates and 98% of wheat isolates were 15‐acetyl deoxynivalenol (15ADON) type. The fungal population structures from corn (n = 313) and wheat (n = 73) were compared using 10 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers. The fungal populations and subpopulations categorized based on host, cultivar groups, years and geography showed high gene (H = 0.818–0.928) and genotypic (GD = 0.999–1.00) diversity. Gene flow was also high between corn and wheat population pairs (Nm = 8.212), and subpopulation pairs within corn (Nm = 7.13–23.614) or wheat (Nm = 19.483) populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates from both hosts were F. graminearum clade 7. These findings provide baseline data on 3‐acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15ADON profiles of F. graminearum isolates from corn in Canada and are useful in evaluating mycotoxin contamination risks in corn and wheat grains. Understanding the fungal genetic structure will assist evaluation and development of resistant cultivars/germplasm for FHB on wheat and GER on corn.     

Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.