Applied anatomy,pathophysiology and a revised scoring system of bull sheaths

The sheath and prepuce are anatomically simple yet vital parts of the mating apparatus of the bull. They are also susceptible to a range of insults, and pathology of these structures is a common cause of infertility in both Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls. Significant individual and breed-based variation occurs in the looseness of the skin, the presence and development of preputial muscles, the relative position of the opening to the cranial preputial muscles, the length of the prepuce, and the prominence of the umbilicus. Individual and breed-based susceptibility to different conditions is associated with these anatomical variations. Regardless of the cause, pathology of the prepuce generally results in sepsis, prolapse, stenosis or adhesions or a combination. Clinical examination should be aimed at determining the extent of these processes and the amount of healthy prepuce which would remain following successful treatment. The inclusion of evaluation of sheath conformation in the form of a sheath score is recommended. Current scoring systems do not reflect the diversity of predisposing factors to morbidity and may therefore fail to accurately reflect the risk of morbidity. A more detailed scoring system has been proposed. Further refinement of this system is outlined, consisting of a composite of scores for depth, umbilical skin fold, prepuce eversion, and distance from cranial muscle to opening (the ‘Y’ factor). Validation against actual bull performance is indicated to develop a valid and useful risk-management tool for use in evaluating sheath conformation.     

某犬场一起群发性尿石症的临床病理学研究

南京某地犬场爆发一起尿石症,其发病率为34.44%（62/180）,致死率为45.16%（28/62）,且发病持续时间较长。B超探查病犬肾脏和膀胱内出现点状或团块状强回声,表明有晶体存在;组织学检查,肾脏沉积的结晶体导致肾组织变性;患病犬的尿液和生化指标显示肾功能障碍;对结石成分进行扫描电镜观察,结晶体多呈球状,表明为黄嘌呤结石。     

犊牛传统培育法改进试验

用剩余初乳代替全乳培育犊牛是近年来奶牛业中的新课题之一。本文通过1986—1987年的犊牛饲养试验,对犊牛的饲料采食量、生长发育、成活率及经济效益等方面进行了比较系统的研究。研究结果表明,用发酵初乳培育的犊牛与用常乳培育的犊牛相比:(1)耗奶少培育成本低,每头犊牛节约鲜奶415公斤,节省饲料费233.15元。(2)生长发育良好,尤其早期补喂犊牛料,促进了瘤胃的提早发育。(3)抵抗力强、发病率低,成活率高。(4)经济社会效益显著。     

Epidemiological studies of piglet diarrhoea in intensively managed Danish sow herds. II. Post-weaning diarrhoea

This study comprised 48,931 litters in 89 sow herds. During the study (1976-82) weaning age decreased from approx. 42 days to approx. 30 days. The mean incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea was 6.0% of litters weaned, with little variation by year but with considerable variation among herds. Within the individual herd increased incidence occurred over limited periods, probably associated with specific infections. Litters with diarrhoea during the suckling period had increased risk of post-weaning diarrhoea. The incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea increased with litter size at weaning. Thus, a litter of 11-12 piglets at weaning had 1.2 times higher risk than litters with 8-10 piglets. In contrast to pre-weaning diarrhoea, there was no association between parity of the sow and diarrhoea in the litter after weaning. Litters weaned below 2 weeks of age had a 2-fold risk of developing diarrhoea after weaning and a 2.4-fold higher mortality rate than did litters weaned at 6-7 weeks. Similarly, litters weaned at an individual piglet weight below 3 kg bodyweight had a 3-fold higher risk of developing diarrhoea after weaning and a 5-fold higher mortality rate than did pigs from litters weaned at a bodyweight of 7-8 kg. The incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea decreased with increasing herd size. Piglets from litters with post-weaning diarrhoea had reduced weight gains after weaning and were 2.3 days older at 25 kg bodyweight than piglets from non-diarrhoeic litters. Likewise, diarrhoea after weaning was associated with an increased incidence of diseases of the skin and respiratory tract. Thus the risk of contracting respiratory disease was 4 times greater in diarrhoeic litters.     

Breed differences in the proportional morbidity of testicular tumours and distribution of histopathologic types in a population-based canine cancer registry

Histologically verified tumours submitted to the Norwegian Canine Cancer Register from 1990 to 1998 were studied (n=14,401). The proportion of testicular tumours (n=345) was 2.4%, and the breakdown of histological tumour diagnoses is presented. The frequency of the most common histopathological types was 33% interstitial (Leydig), 26.4% Sertoli and 33.9% seminomas/germ cell tumours. The average age at diagnosis was 10 years, but was significantly lower for Sertoli cell tumours (8.6 years) than for the other tumour types. Following a histopathological re-evaluation, 22.5% of the original tumor diagnoses were modified. Proportional morbidity ratios were calculated and individuals from the breeds Shetland sheepdog and Collie were five times more likely to have testicular tumours than the overall average for the registry. Breed differences in the distribution of histopathologic types were observed. Shetland sheepdog and Collie were most commonly diagnosed with Sertoli cell tumours, while all tumours from Norwegian elkhound in this material were seminomas.     

3个不同香蕉抗病品种（系）的农艺性状及产量初步比较

香蕉枯萎病是引起香蕉产业全球毁灭性的病害,目前尚未有有效、彻底的根治方法,培育抗病品种是防治枯萎病的重要措施之一。本研究对3个香蕉抗病新品种（系）进行比较试验,调查了其生物学特性、农艺性状、产量及发病率。结果表明,‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’之间差异不显著,与‘中蕉9号’差异显著。‘南天黄’的生育期最短为383 d、‘桂抗2号’为393 d、‘中蕉9号’生育期最长,达447 d;‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’的农艺性状差异不显著,株型较矮,平均假茎高度分别为285 cm和298 cm,‘中蕉9号’假茎高平均为340 cm;‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’的果指数为21个左右,果型类似‘巴西蕉’且大小适中,‘中蕉9号’果指数为16个,果型直、大;‘中蕉9号’产量最高,平均单穗重24.9 kg,‘南天黄’株单穗重接近‘桂抗2号’,分别为23.5 kg和23.2 kg;试验中,‘南天黄’没有发病,发病率为0,‘桂抗2号’发病率为0.6%,‘中蕉9号’发病率为4.7%。综上所述,‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’更适合作为抗病品种（系）,可进一步展开大面积示范工作。     

河南省鲁山县规模养猪场仔猪腹泻调查报告

通过对5家养猪场仔猪腹泻调查,了解鲁山县仔猪腹泻流行现状,以便为今后更好地做好防控工作提供参考依据.