Enhancement of innate immune system,survival and yield in Penaeus monodon reared in ponds using Streptococcus phocae PI80

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary and water supplementation of probiotic Streptococcus phocae PI80 on growth, immune response and feed utilization of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds. The probiotic bacterium S. phocae PI80 was cultured in large fermenter (50 L) by adding additional carbon source in the form of molasses and glucose along with yeast extract as nitrogen source to enrich S. phocae PI80 biomass. This enriched S. phocae PI80 was administered to shrimp in feed (6.5 × 10¹³ bacterial cells mL^?1) as well as in pond water (5 L/pond). Shrimp growth performance was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in 120 days culture when the average body weight of treated molasses + yeast extract (MY) (28.41 ± 0.874 g), glucose + yeast extract (GY) (27.013 ± 0.698 g) was significantly higher than control (23.63 ± 0.684 g). Food conversion ratio FCR was also found to be reduced significantly in ponds treated with probiotics when compared with control pond (1.89 ± 0.09). Vibrio and luminescent bacteria were found to be lower in the treatment receiving MY group, and we hypothesize that this may lead to greater shrimp survival. Furthermore, fermentation product of S. phocae PI80 added to pond water and feed additives enhanced the shrimp immune system. The results indicated that total haemocytes count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, NBT reductase assay and phagocytic activity significantly increased in shrimps treated with S. phocae PI80. Our study demonstrates that administration of S. phocae PI80 in the water and feed at 6.5 × 10¹³ colony‐forming units (CFU) mL^?1 bacterial cells induce immune modulation and enhances the immune ability of P. monodon in pond‐reared shrimp and increased the shrimp production.     

青贮添加剂对稻草青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

试验旨在探讨不同添加剂对青贮稻草品质和有氧稳定性的影响。稻草青贮时,分别添加乳酸菌(L)、乳酸菌+糖蜜(LM)、乳酸菌+纤维素酶(LC)和乳酸菌+糖蜜+纤维素酶(LMC),乳酸菌、纤维素酶和糖蜜剂量分别为5×10~5 cfu/g、0.6IU/g、20mg/g,贮存90d后开包检测。综合评定青贮稻草的青贮质量,测定常规营养成分,浸提液的pH值、氨态氮和有机酸的含量并测定稻草的有氧稳定性。试验结果:L组、LM组、LC组和LMC组的总综合评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。LC、LMC组的酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),提高了剩余可溶性碳水化合物的含量。与对照组相比,各处理组均提高了乳酸的含量;LC和LMC组显著提高了乳酸的含量(P0.05)。对照组的总有机酸含量显著低于LC和LMC组(P0.05),但是和L、LM组差异不显著(P0.05)。各组的有氧稳定性和有氧损失均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明:添加乳酸菌,提高了乳酸的含量和综合评分;在乳酸菌的基础上,添加糖蜜或是与纤维素酶的组合,有利于提升发酵品质。     

Innovative liquid formulation of digestates for producing a biofertilizer based on Bacillus siamensis: Field testing on sweet pepper

A biofertilizer (BF) based on the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus siamensis was produced using anaerobic digestate (AD) as the main ingredient of the growth medium, alongside a carbon source from residual origin. The use of residues for the growth of PGPR reduces the production costs of biofertilizers, but makes an assessment of the possible toxicity of residues for the bacteria or plants necessary. Therefore, the growth medium of PGPR was first optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM), followed by phytotoxicity tests and a field trial of the BF in a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crop at two different locations. AD at 50% dilution, supplemented with 2.3% sugar beet molasses, was the optimum growth medium for producing the BF, with a bacterial concentration of 10⁹ cfu mL⁻¹. In the field trial, the treatments inoculated with BF and fertilized with decreased mineral N (80%) produced significantly better yields per ha than the controls with decreased N (80%) and full N (100%) without BF. This indicates improved efficiency of N use by the crop, as a consequence of the use of BF.     

不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为考察不同来源吸附载体大豆糖蜜对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头年龄相同(3胎次)、体重相近[(500±50)kg]且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分别饲喂基础日粮、豆皮糖蜜和麸皮糖蜜日粮。结果表明,豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃pH均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而豆皮糖蜜组和麸皮糖蜜组之间瘤胃pH没有显著差异(P0.05);麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃NH_3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),但与豆皮糖蜜组没有显著差异(P0.05);各处理间奶牛瘤胃各单个挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA,包括乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸)浓度、总VFA浓度和乙丙比均没有显著差异(P0.05);但与对照组相比,豆皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有降低趋势;而麸皮糖蜜组瘤胃总VFA浓度有提高趋势。结果显示,在奶牛饲料中可用豆皮糖蜜替代15%玉米以及用麸皮糖蜜替代6%玉米和10%麸皮,均具有调控瘤胃稳衡的作用,且麸皮糖蜜替代效果优于豆皮糖蜜。     

Effects of ethanol,molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses and/or ethanol on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage, which is widely used in dairy cow diets at mid‐to‐late lactation in Tibet. TMR was treated with ethanol (E), molasses (M), Lactobacillus plantarum(L), ethanol+molasses (EM), ethanol+Lactobacillus plantarum (EL) plus control. After 45 d of ensiling, inoculant significantly (P < 0·05) increased lactic acid (LA) concentration and decreased pH, ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentration, and aerobic bacterial and yeast counts, compared to control. After the first 3 d of aerobic exposure, LA for silages without ethanol started to decrease, while LA for E silages almost remained unchanged till the end of the aerobic exposure period. The pH in TMR silages without ethanol gradually increased, while that for E and EL remained about 4·60 and 4·00, respectively, and EL showed the lowest pH among six silages over the course of aerobic exposure. Aerobic bacterial counts in control, M and EM silages were significantly higher (P < 0·05) than those in E, L and EL, and yeast counts in E and EL silages were significantly lower (P < 0·05) than those in other silages after 9 d of aerobic exposure. The results suggest that inoculation with L. plantarum was more effective in altering fermentation characteristics than adding molasses, while ethanol showed a potential to protect TMR silages from pH increase and delayed the growth of aerobic bacteria and yeast either alone or in combination with L. plantarum.     

糖蜜对不同比例干稻草和王草混合青贮品质的影响

为探究添加糖蜜对不同比例干稻草和王草混合青贮品质的影响,试验设定四个不同比例干稻草和王草混合,添加干稻草比例分别为0%（T1组）、10%（T2组）、20%（T3组）、30%（T4组）,并分别对青贮料做无添加处理和糖蜜添加处理。结果表明：随着稻草比例的增加,粗蛋白质（P < 0.001）、粗脂肪（P < 0.05）呈下降趋势,T4组分别下降19%和16%,中性洗涤纤维提高7%（P < 0.05）、酸性洗涤纤维提高20%（P < 0.001）、粗灰分提高10%（P < 0.001）,pH（P < 0.001）显著提高,其体外培养后的pH、干物质消化率、瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸无显著改变。添加糖蜜显著改善了干稻草和王草青贮的发酵品质, pH和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低（P ＜ 0.001）,中性洗涤纤维含量最高降低了11%,体外培养的产气提高了38%（P < 0.001）,改善了青贮料的瘤胃降解率。综上所述,以30%稻草混合70%王草青贮效果较好,并且添加2%糖蜜能提升发酵品质和瘤胃降解率,有助于改善混合青贮综合利用率。 [关键词] 王草|干稻草|糖蜜|青贮|发酵品质     

固定化酵母细胞糖蜜酒精连续发酵的研究

本文报道采用海藻酸钙作载体固定酵母活细胞用于糖蜜酒精连续发酵的研究。结果表明:在发酵液中加人研制的微量 MG 稳定剂,可显著提高载体的稳定性。固定化酵母细胞可连续正常使用6个月以上。在温度30—33℃,pH4—5,糖浓度16％～19％(W/V)发酵条件下,每升固定化酵母细胞每小时可产酒精24～25g;固定化酵母细胞分批和连续发酵,分别比传统的游离酵母分批发酵效率提高24％和8倍以上。     

糖蜜在反刍动物生产及青贮饲料中的应用研究

糖蜜营养丰富,具有提高反刍动物的生产性能和改善青贮饲料品质的作用,糖蜜的贮存和添加途径是其应用的制约因素。作者综述了糖蜜的营养价值,在反刍动物及在青贮饲料中的应用效果。     

棕榈在孟加拉乡村传统利用——一种可持续的生物多样性管理手段(英文)

采用多级采样的方法研究了孟加拉国农村耕作区内棕榈树的传统利用模式和当地的管理经验。农民管理棕榈主要为获取树液产品,生产以糖为主的次生品。树液可直接用作饮料,也可加工成糖蜜或酒精饮料。7块不同地块为棕榈提供生长环境,20.40%的棕榈种植在果园内。尽管中等级的农民拥有多数棕榈(33%),但是主要管理棕榈的是没有土地的农民,他们靠棕榈维持生计。这些农民将自己的智慧应用到棕榈管理当中,从种植到开孔取树液再到产品加工。如果能更科学地管理棕榈,加上农民的智慧,棕榈业将会对当地经济发展起到重要作用,也会丰富当地生物多样性。     

添加糖蜜对燕麦青贮品质的影响

为了确定添加糖蜜对燕麦青贮品质的影响,以乳熟期刈割的燕麦为材料,按照水分含量进行高水分(82%)和低水分(70%)青贮,然后分别添加0,2%和4%糖蜜,共设6个处理。结果表明,(1)低水分青贮的pH低于高水分青贮,并且随糖蜜浓度的增加而降低;乳酸的变化与pH值呈正相关。(2)添加2%和4%糖蜜的低水分青贮中CP和NDF含量显著高于其它处理,ADF含量显著低于其它处理。(3)当燕麦含水量>80%时,即使pH<4.2,依然不能抑制腐败微生物的活动。乳熟期收割的燕麦,添加2%糖蜜,含水量70%左右时,能制作良好的青贮饲料。