偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响

为了明确裸岩石砾地土地整治工程中人为构建耕作层的合理覆土厚度,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响。根据裸岩石砾地土地整治工程特点,试验共设计4个覆土厚度,分别为5,10,15,20cm,土柱底部装填5cm厚直径为10mm的玻璃珠,试验从土柱下端出水开始记时,共接取渗漏液6h。结果表明:(1)较厚的土层具有较好的保水蓄水能力和较强的土体稳定性,4个土层厚度的水分渗漏量均随着土层厚度增加而减小,水分渗漏速率表现为先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定的趋势;(2)土壤颗粒迁出量与土层厚度呈负相关关系,土壤颗粒累积迁出量与土层厚度的拟合关系式为:y=3.19e-0.11x(R2=0.96);(3)水分渗漏前期往往伴随着大量土壤颗粒的迁出,且土层越薄,水分渗漏量和土壤颗粒迁出量越大,随着渗漏过程的进行土壤颗粒迁出量逐渐减小;(4)迁出颗粒中粉粒含量最高,黏粒次之,砂粒含量最低,且不同粒径土壤颗粒随时间的迁出特征也不同。研究结果为裸岩石砾地土地整治提供了科学依据。     

不同地下水位下渠基冻胀规律与保温板适宜厚度确定

为探明河套灌区不同地下水位条件下渠基冻胀的差异,了解地下水位变化对渠基土壤水分迁移和力学性能的影响,该文通过建立不同地下水位冻胀试验平台并结合原型渠道,分析了不同地下水位对铺设不同厚度聚苯板的基土冻胀的影响,阐述了冻胀率和截面弯矩沿渠坡的分布规律,提出了不同地下水位下聚苯板适宜铺设厚度的理论计算公式。试验得出,每降低1 cm地下水位,基土冻胀量减小0.15 cm。当地下水位降低0.5~1.0 m后,削减冻胀率为71%~83.8%。地下水位下降有效阻止或延缓了土壤毛细水的上升,降低了0~30 cm土层的土壤水分,有效阻止了冻结锋面水分的迁移,减小了土体中冰夹层的形成,从而降低了土体的冻胀变形。并且,渠道的冻胀破坏部位随着地下水位的不同而发生变化。该研究可为北方季节性冻土区骨干渠道保温防冻胀技术研究提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

季节性冻融土壤盐分离子组成与冻结层盐分运移规律研究

该文对冻融过程中土壤盐分离子组成及冻结层盐分运移规律进行研究,在内蒙古河套灌区永联试验站开展了冻融期土壤水盐及其离子成分监测试验,分析了冻融期地温、冻结层深度、地下水埋深与水质、土壤含水率、土壤盐分及离子组成的变化规律,通过离子相关性分析确定了土壤盐分运移的主控离子成分和盐分类型,进一步利用二元水盐体系相图探讨了冻融期主控盐分的运移规律。结果表明:冻融期地温梯度变化主要发生在0～1.0 m范围土层中,地下水埋深在冻融期变化趋势为快速增大-缓慢增大-减少,地下水矿化度均值在融化期显著降低;研究区地下水中变异性最大的离子为Na~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2–),土壤盐分运移和扩散是地下水矿化度变化的主要原因;土壤中Na~+、Cl~–与SO_4~(2–)与含盐量相关系数高于0.9,冻融期土壤盐分浓度变化的主控盐分类型为氯化钠和硫酸钠;冻结层积盐或者脱盐取决于土壤盐分梯度和不同盐分的共饱和点,研究区最大氯化钠浓度(质量分数1.55%)和最大硫酸钠浓度(2.01%)均低于各自的共饱和点,当冻结前土壤溶液浓度梯度为正(从上到下浓度增大)时,冻结层易积盐,反之冻结层主要表现为脱盐。研究对阐明冻融期冻结层盐分累积规律的成因具有重要意义。     

The future of fish passage science,engineering, and practice

Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.     

Analysis on the migration of first-generation Mythimna separata (Walker) in China in 2013

Mythimna separata (Walker) is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale method of forecasting outbreaks, population data were collected in northern China using searchlight traps and ground light traps. A background weather pattern analysis and trajectory analysis were performed via the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and FLEXPART models. Our results showed that heavy migration of first-generation M. separata appeared in northern China in 2013. In Yanqing District, Beijing, the cumulative number of captured adults in searchlight traps was around 250 000 and the daily maximum for trapped moths was 86 000. During the peak period, the majority of M. separata moths arrived after 00:00 every night. The sex ratio (female:male) at each monitoring site was greater than 1 and greatly fluctuated with population dynamics. During the migration peak, prevailing downdraft winds benefited M. separata moths to land passively. Trajectory simulation showed that immigrants were from Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces and most of them could continue to fly into the northeastern regions of China. These results provide technical support for fine-scale forecasting of the outbreak of M. separata at meso- and micro-scale.     

滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

1985—2015年中国县域芝麻生产的时空演变

为阐明我国芝麻生产的时空变化特征，基于1985—2015年的我国县域芝麻生产统计数据，采用集中度、重心迁移、产量贡献率、优势度等指标，对我国芝麻种植面积、产量和单产的时空动态变化进行分析。结果表明:1)1985—2015年，我国芝麻产量和面积的分布基本一致，主要集中在大别山山脉一带和辽宁省西北部；全国芝麻单产水平不断提升，种植面积自2000年起小幅缩减，而产量变化处于明显的波动状态。2)30年间，全国芝麻产量集中度和面积集中度变化波动较小，集中地区分布发生了一定的变化；我国芝麻产量、面积重心同步向南偏西方向迁移，迁移距离分别为252和344 km。3)我国芝麻生产的主导因素一直为面积，占比为40.0%—49.9%；我国芝麻的生产优势区主要在河南、安徽、湖北、江西四省。近30年来，我国芝麻种植变化受其自身特性、病虫害、湿害以及政策等影响，芝麻生产受到一定的限制。因此，优化和调整我国芝麻生产的政策倾向、种植结构、良种研发以及栽培管理等方面尤显关键。     

Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.     

施磷肥土壤中钒的迁移转化规律研究

为探究长期施用磷肥对耕作土壤中钒(V)的迁移累积规律的影响,研究通过模拟酸性和自然降雨条件下施重过磷酸钙土壤的淋溶过程,讨论了施肥前后土壤中钒的迁移转化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:渗滤液中钒主要以溶解态的形式存在(占比50.8%～90.4%),胶体吸附态含量较低;土壤的pH值直接影响了钒的迁移转化能力,酸性降雨可促使下层土壤中部分钒(Ⅳ)氧化为钒(Ⅴ),同时影响残渣态钒向弱酸提取态和可还原态转化。研究表明,磷肥的施加和降雨的酸性增强均能促进土壤中钒的释放并且提高钒的生物有效性,但是在一定降雨量范围内,降雨酸性越强,土壤中钒的释放量越小;整体上钒的释放量较低;土壤中钒(Ⅴ)与有效态钒显著相关,可作为土壤中钒潜在危害的评价指标。