防治天牛类害虫的新农药--触破式微胶囊剂

该文介绍了触破式微胶囊剂的研制过程和杀虫机理。林间推广示范试验表明 ,触破式微胶囊剂对天牛成虫有击倒快、药效好且持效期长的特点。该剂喷施于树干上后 ,40天内都能保持对新出孔天牛成虫 90 %～ 1 0 0 %的校正死亡率。     

Preparation of Pectin/Chitosan Synbiotic Microcapsules and Its Study on Simulated Gastrointestinal Environments and Storage Stability

Pediococcus acidilactici and inulin were used as wall cores,with pectin and chitosan as the shell material.The conditions of microencapsulation were optimized by analyzing the embedding rate,particle morphology,the mechanical strength,gastrointestinal tolerance in vitro and storage performance.The experimental group was divided into three groups:Free Pediococcus acidilactici group (PA),microcapsule group made by embedding Pediococcus acidilactici alone (PC(PA)MCs),synbiotic microcapsule group made by embedding inulin and Pediococcus acidilactici (PC(PA-I)MCs).The results showed that the appearance,particle size,mechanical strength and embedding rate of microcapsules were better when the mass concentration of pectin was 5 g/100 mL,the content of inulin was 25 mg/mL and the mass concentration of chitosan was 0.8 g/100 mL.Through the gastrointestinal tolerance test in vitro, it was found that PC(PA-I)MCs group was relatively stable in the artificial gastric juice in vitro (P<0.05).At the same time,it began to release rapidly in the artificial intestinal fluid in vitro at 30 min and it was almost completely disintegrated after 2 h.It was found that the cell survival rate of PA group decreased significantly at cold and room temperature through the storage test for 4 weeks.While the cell survival rate of PC(PA-I)MCs group decreased slightly.And the cell survival rate of PC(PA-I)MCs group was higher than that of PC(PA)MCs group (P>0.05).At room temperature,the cell survival rate of PC(PA-I)MCs group was higher than that of PC(PA)MCs group (P>0.05).In summary,pectin/chitosan microcapsules with inulin as probiotics had a better embedding effect on Pediococcus acidilactici.     

两种药剂防治苹果小吉丁虫试验

通过野外罩笼应用8%的绿色威雷触破式微胶囊剂和40%的久效磷乳油防治苹果小吉丁虫(AgrilusmailMatsumura),筛选适宜的用药浓度,为大面积防治提供可靠依据。试验表明应用8%的绿色威雷600倍液和40%的久效磷2000倍液防治苹果小吉丁虫成虫效果良好。     

硫酸香茅醛显色法测定莪术油微囊载药量与包封率

为评价莪术油/(麦芽糊精-Povacoat)微囊的质量,建立了硫酸香茅醛显色测定其载药量和包封率的方法。对莪术油乙醇溶液进行波长扫描,确定508nm为最大吸收波长,显色稳定性试验表明,反应液在150min内吸光度较稳定。莪术油检测浓度在0.199 2μg/mL~9.960μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(A=0.094 7C-0.001 2,r=0.999 3),微囊的载药量测定和包封率测定的方法回收率分别为99.6%和99.1%。经测定,3批微囊的载药量为51.5mg/g~53.2mg/g,包封率为88.2%~90.7%。     

绿盲蝽交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊的制备及田间防治效果

以乙基纤维素为壁材,丁酸己酯为芯材,采用相分离法制备了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊。通过正交试验研究了乳化剂700#、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙酯及控释剂正十二烷4个因素对丁酸己酯微囊形成的影响,得到最佳制备工艺条件。利用生物显微镜对微囊的形态进行了观察,同时测定了在最优条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量、包封率和释放速率等指标,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:在乙基纤维素3.0 g、丁酸己酯3.0 g、乳化剂700#1.5 g、聚乙烯醇2.0 g、乙酸乙酯30 m L和正十二烷2.0 g,以及滴加速率为5 m L/min、转速为1 000 r/min条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量和包封率分别为21.5%和91.9%,外观较完整,粒径分布较均匀,平均粒径约为301.85μm,缓释效果较好(能持续释放35 d以上)。田间试验结果显示,调查期间悬挂丁酸己酯微囊的样区诱捕到绿盲蝽224头,与对照区相比少442头,表明丁酸己酯微囊对绿盲蝽交配具有干扰作用,可明显减少绿盲蝽繁殖的数量。     

温度响应型吡唑醚菌酯微囊的制备与性能表征

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）和丙烯酸丁酯（BA）的共聚物为壁材,采用乳液聚合法制备了温度响应型吡唑醚菌酯微囊。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪和紫外分光光度计等对该微囊的形貌、粒径、包封率和载药量进行表征,同时采用透析袋法探讨其释放性能,并以斑马鱼为试材测定其对水生生物的急性毒性。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯微囊呈球形,平均粒径为1.04 μm,包封率为78.30%,载药量为15.66%。吡唑醚菌酯微囊具有明显的温度响应性特征,其低临界溶解温度（LCST）为28.2℃,当环境温度高于28.2℃时能够快速释放活性成分,而低于该温度时其释放行为受到抑制。吡唑醚菌酯微囊对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50（96 h）值为有效成分4.48 mg/L,较吡唑醚菌酯原药的提高了90倍以上,因此能够显著提高吡唑醚菌酯对水生生物的安全性。     

微胶囊技术在生物领域中的应用及研究进展

随着生物技术的发展,微胶囊技术在生物领域有了新的研究进展。阐述了微胶囊技术在生物领域的进展,包括微胶囊化生物细胞的制备、微生物微胶囊的制备、超临界流体微胶囊化技术包埋酶和蛋白质以及微胶囊化生物活性物质。     

Optimization of the protein fraction of microcapsules used in feeding of marine fish larvae using in vitro digestibility techniques

The development of artificial feeds for marine fish larvae is demanding and, taking into account the difficulties and costs associated with the rearing of the larvae of some fish, preliminary evaluation of feed ingredients using in vitro techniques may be an alternative to in vivo assays. Some proteins used in microfeeds for marine fish were tested in vitro for examination of their effect on the proteases of seabream larvae. Casein and cuttlefish meal did not affect protease activity of crude larval extracts, whereas ovalbumin produced a 60% inhibition. The use of a pH-stat for the assessment of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of proteins confirmed the low nutritive value of ovalbumin, since a much lower value was obtained for microcapsules prepared using this protein source when compared with those prepared using casein or cuttlefish meal (3.2 vs. 7.3 and 7.6, respectively). Products resulting from such hydrolysis were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Image analysis of such gels led to the formulation of an index named the coefficient of protein degradation (CPD) which expressed the extent to which the main protein fractions were hydrolysed by larval proteases in a given time. A significant correlation ( r ² = 0.98, P  < 0.05) was obtained between DH and CPD values measured for either protein sources or microcapsules. The combination of protease inhibition assays with measurements of DH and CPD is proposed as a preliminary evaluation of protein ingredients used in the formulation of artificial feeds for larval fish.