农业院校食品微生物学实验教学的探索与实践

为提高学生的微生物基本操作技能,提升学生对食品微生物学的学习兴趣,对农业院校食品微生物学实验教学内容和目标设计进行了探索和实践。通过设置基础实验技术、应用实验技术和安全实验技术3类实验,采用"固定+机动"教学模式,全天开放实验室计划,优化教学团队,引入研究生助理,完善考核体系,促进教学质量的提高。实践表明,课程改革提高了学生的实验操作技能和科研兴趣。     

畜牧微生物学实验教学改革探索

对畜牧微生物学实验教学进行了改革探索,主要有提高硬件设施;优化实验教学内容,合理安排实验项目;结合生产生活实际以及学生个性,激发学生学习的兴趣;实施以学生为主体的多种教学方法;提出了新的实验考核方式。通过改革增强了学生学习的主动性,培养了学生的综合能力,进而提高实验教学质量和效果。     

Encapsulated benzoic acid supplementation in broiler diets influences gut bacterial composition and activity

1. The present study investigated the effects of encapsulated benzoic acid (BA) supplementation in broiler feed on performance and gastrointestinal microbiota.

2. Eighty broilers were randomly divided into two groups. Birds in the control group were fed on maize–soybean-based diets. Birds in the treatment group were provided the same diet supplemented with 2 g/kg BA encapsulated in a vegetable oil matrix.

3. At the end of the trial (d 35), pH, bacterial composition and metabolites were determined in the crop, jejunum, ileum and caecum.

4. Growth performance variables and pH were not significantly different.

5. BA concentration decreased rapidly in the proximal gut. However, the treatment diet showed higher BA in the crop, jejunum, ileum and caecum.

6. Total lactate in the crop and D-lactate in the jejunum was higher in the BA treated group. Caecal total and branched chain fatty acids were decreased due to the treatment.

7. Lactobacilli populations were significantly altered by BA supplementation. A trend for increased lactobacilli was observed in the crop, while it became significant in the jejunum and ileum. Lactobacillus species responded differently to the treatment. Four of 5 measured Lactobacillus species, particularly in the ileum, followed the course observed for total lactobacilli; only Lactobacillus salivarius was not modified.

8. Correlation analysis showed that BA modified the intestinal microbiota. Lactobacilli correlated negatively to all studied clostridial clusters and enterobacteria. Clostridial clusters IV and XIVa were significantly increased in the jejunum, whereas only clostridial cluster XIVa was increased in the caecum.

9. Encapsulated BA modified the intestinal microbiota which can lead to the conclusion, that the main beneficial mode of action of BA in the gut appears to be the enhancement of lactic acid bacteria, which in turn may act as a vanguard against pathogens.     

糠醛渣改良土壤增强苕子对盐碱土的适应性

科学合理的盐碱土改良措施对植物在盐碱土上适应性栽培具有重要的科学意义与应用价值。该研究旨在通过施用糠醛渣探讨盐碱土土壤特性及植物生长适应性栽培研究,为糠醛渣在盐碱土的合理使用提供科学依据。试验按土壤质量为基数确定糠醛渣的用量,试验由添加量0、5%、10%糠醛渣的盐碱土3个处理组成,温室条件下进行盆栽试验。结果表明,施用糠醛渣不仅降低盐碱土pH和含盐量,而且显著提升了土壤微生物多样性Sobs和Shannon指数,降低了simpson指数降低。主要表现在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)成为优势菌门。施用糠醛渣增加了苕子叶片中叶绿素、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量。显著增强了过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。施用糠醛渣明显促进苕子生长发育,增加了苕子苗期生物量,5%糠醛渣用量处理改良盐碱土效果较优。研究表明糠醛渣通过改善盐碱土的其理化特性及生物多样性分布,促进苕子的生长发育,研究为糠醛渣在盐碱地土壤改良及植物适应性栽培的合理应用提供了科学依据与参考。     

抗菌肽对发酵床饲养仔猪抗氧化指标、免疫指标及肠道主要菌群数量的影响

为研究发酵床饲养模式下饲粮中添加抗菌肽对仔猪生长性能、抗氧化指标、免疫指标及盲肠主要菌群数量的影响,选用108头35日龄,体重13kg左右的健康苏钟猪,随机分为3组,每组3重复,每重复12头猪,分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+40mg/kg杆菌肽锌+20mg/kg硫酸抗敌素(抗生素组)和基础饲粮+300 mg/kg抗菌肽(抗菌肽组),试验期49d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够显著提高仔猪血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P0.05),极显著降低肝脏丙二醛含量(P0.01);抗菌肽组肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性比抗生素组极显著提高(P0.01)。(2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够极显著提高仔猪十二指肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量(P0.01);抗菌肽组仔猪血清IgA含量分别比对照组和抗生素组提高4.03%、2.27%,抗菌肽组空肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量比对照组提高10.70%,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够显著降低仔猪盲肠中大肠杆菌数量(P0.05);细菌总数降低5.98%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加300mg/kg的抗菌肽能够提高仔猪抗氧化和免疫功能;减少仔猪盲肠中大肠杆菌数量,而对盲肠有益菌群无不良影响。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对发酵床饲养仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵床饲养模式下日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响。选用108头体重13kg左右的35日龄健康苏钟猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+40mg/kg杆菌肽锌+20mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素(抗生素组)、基础日粮+300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌(益生菌组)的试验日粮。预试期7d,正试期52d。结果表明:1与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量,降低料重比,但各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够极显著提高仔猪胰腺中淀粉酶活性、十二指肠黏膜中麦芽糖酶活性和空肠黏膜中乳糖酶活性(P0.01),十二指肠黏膜和空肠黏膜中蔗糖酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。3与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够显著提高仔猪盲肠芽孢杆菌数量(P0.05);乳酸杆菌数量较对照组提高4.09%,大肠杆菌数量较对照组降低4.86%,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,日粮中添加300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌能够提高发酵床饲养仔猪胰腺、小肠黏膜消化酶活性及盲肠芽孢杆菌数量,同时仔猪生长性能也在一定程度上有所改善。     

Autochthonous probiotic as growth promoter and immunomodulator for Astyanax bimaculatus cultured in water recirculation system

This work aimed to evaluate the probiotic Lactobacillus spp. in the microbiota of Astyanax bimaculatus reared in a water recirculation system. The experiment was randomized, using 800 postlarvae distributed into eight polyethylene containers, separated into two treatments, in quadruplicate: supplementation with Lactobacillus spp. (Probiotic) and no supplementation (Control). After 90 days of culture, 13 fish per container were anaesthetized. Three of these underwent microbiological evaluation, and haematological analyses were carried out on five. Immunological assessment was performed on another five fish. Zootechnical parameters were evaluated for all animals. In the microbiological evaluation, the probiotic group presented higher counts of lactic acid bacteria, but lower counts of Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp., when compared with control. After haematological analysis, the supplemented group presented low haematimetric indices of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCHC and MCH, respectively) and higher amounts of total leucocytes, thrombocytes and circulating monocytes when compared with control. The immunological profile did not differ between treatments. In the zootechnical performance, probiotic group presented higher productivity, survival and apparent food efficiency when compared with control. Therefore, when Lactobacillus spp. was supplemented in the diet of A. bimaculatus, immunocompetence and the zootechnical performance of animals increased.     

土壤微生物学实验模块化的开设研究

高校微生物学实验教学注重培养学生的兴趣和科学探究技能,然而目前实验教学模式单一,容易导致学生学习兴趣丧失,自主学习能力下降,造成学习效果不佳。本文根据微生物学实验教学特点,对土壤微生物学实验设计了3个相互关联、前后衔接的实验模块,分别为：土壤微生物的采集与培养基制作,微生物的分离与纯化,微生物的鉴定和保藏。本文结合微生物学实验教程将独立的实验内容连成整体,并通过学生自主研究结合教师指导的模式,以达到加深学生对土壤微生物学知识理解及提高实验操作技能目的。     

综合设计性实验在食品微生物实验中的应用探讨

随着人们对食品营养与安全问题重视程度的提高,高校对食品微生物实验教学质量提出了更高要求,而综合设计性实验为这种高要求提供了实现平台。探讨了综合设计性实验在食品微生物实验教学中应用的必要性,分析了综合设计性实验实施过程中体现的优势和出现的问题,并提出相应的解决方案,为综合设计性实验的广泛开展提供一定借鉴。     

微生物在环境保护中的应用及前景

从环境保护的角度出发,重点论述了微生物在这一领域的应用现状与发展前景,指出微生物将会在21世纪的环境保护领域中发挥重要作用。