农药除蜗灵对土壤微生物的影响

指出了农药除蜗灵近年来的大量使用,对土壤环境质量产生了一定的影响,进行了其对土壤-植物根际微生物数量上的影响的试验,并设计了农药浓度和施药时间的不同,从而了解了农药除蜗灵对微生物的长远影响。为农药除蜗灵的施用时间、施用浓度及其对土壤环境质量的影响提供了一定的科学依据。通过采用倾注法分离土壤中微生物,利用平板计数法进行计数,可得知农药除蜗灵对土壤中微生物的影响如下:对细菌和放线菌都产生了明显的促进作用,而对霉菌产生了显著的抑制作用。随着时间的推移,农药除蜗灵对放线菌的增加作用最先减弱,霉菌次之,细菌最晚恢复,这又说明了土壤本身对农药具有一定的净化作用。     

四聚乙醛亚致死剂量对福寿螺AchE、GSTs和MFO活性的影响

为了解亚致死剂量四聚乙醛对福寿螺的主要靶标酶和解毒酶活性的影响,研究了0.50mg/L的四聚乙醛处理不同时间后福寿螺不同组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活力变化。结果显示,四聚乙醛对福寿螺具有良好的杀灭效果,96hLC50为3.856mg/L,安全浓度为0.039mg/L;在用0.50mg/L的四聚乙醛处理的24h内,福寿螺鳃和腹足内AchE酶活力分别升高到未处理时的1.565和1.481倍而后下降,肝和肠组织内AchE酶活力分别下降为未处理时的0.132、0.282倍而后升高;不同组织中GSTs酶活力均呈现为"降低—升高—降低"的趋势;不同组织内MFO酶活力均为先下降后上升的趋势。研究表明0.50mg/L的四聚乙醛能诱导AchE、MFO和GST活性不同程度的增加,解毒酶MFO和GSTs可能在四聚乙醛的代谢中起着一定作用。     

四聚乙醛中烟酰胺的含量测定

试验在高效液相色谱流动相体系及条件下,测定了四聚乙醛中稳定剂烟酰胺的含量,以甲醇-水（15：85）为流动相,DAD紫外检测器,检测波长为261 nm,对试样进行液相色谱分离和测定。试验结果表明：该方法简便快速,结果重现性好,定量准确。     

Part 1: Treatment of Snial Bait Toxicity in Dogs: Literature Review

Metaldehyde and methiocarb are two snail baits (molluscicides) which are commonly ingested by dogs and cause rapid onset of severe neurological symptoms. Rapid and appropriate treatment is essential for patient survival. This paper summarizes the literature on treatment of metaldehyde and methiocarb toxicity, based primarily on actual case reports from the past 35 years.
There are important differences between metaldehyde and methiocarb in their mechanisms and treatment. Metaldehyde's mechanism is unknown; methiocarb is a carbamate and parasympathomimetic. Pentobarbitone anesthesia and atropine have been the mainstays of treatment in metal-dehyde and methiocarb toxicity, respectively; their limitations and disadvantages are discussed. Other drugs and aspects of treatment, such as acetylpromazine, diazepam, gastric lavage, and hypetihermia, are also discussed.
Clinical signs are similar in both types of toxicity, but treatment may be complicated by the development of hyperthermia and atropine poisoning which also have similar clinical signs.     

The effects of repeated applications of the molluscicide metaldehyde and the biocontrol nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita on molluscs, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans: a two-year study in north-west Spain

Over two years, six consecutive field experiments were done in which the chemical molluscicide metaldehyde and the nematode biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider) were applied at the standard field rates to replicated mini-plots successively planted with lettuce, Brussels sprouts, leaf beet and cabbage, to compare the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing slug damage to the crops. Soil samples from each plot were taken prior to the start of the experiments, and then monthly, to assess the populations of slugs, snails, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans. The experiments were done on the same site and each plot received the same treatment in the six experiments. The six treatments were: (1) untreated controls, (2) metaldehyde pellets, (3 and 4) nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without or with previous application of cow manure slurry, (5) nematodes applied to the area surrounding the planted area 3 days prior to planting, and (6) nematodes applied to the planted area once (only in the first of the six consecutive experiments). Only the metaldehyde treatment and the nematodes applied to the planted area at the beginning of each experiment without previous application of manure significantly reduced slug damage to the plants, and only metaldehyde reduced the number of slugs contaminating the harvested plants. The numbers of slugs, snails and earthworms in soil samples were compared among the six treatments tested: with respect to the untreated controls, the numbers of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) were significantly affected only in the metaldehyde plots, and the numbers of Arion ater L only in the plots treated with nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without previous application of manure; numbers of snails (Ponentina ponentina (Morelet) and Oxychilus helveticus (Blum)) were not affected by the treatment. The total numbers of all earthworm species and of Lumbricus spp were unaffected by the treatment, but Dendrobaena spp increased significantly in the plots treated with manure. The numbers of nematodes, acarids and collembolans in soil samples were compared between the untreated controls and the treatments with nematodes applied 3 days prior to planting to the planted area or to the surrounding area, without previous application of manure: the treatment had a significant effect on the number of nematodes in soil samples, but acarids and collembolans were unaffected.     

福寿螺细胞色素P450基因CYP3192A1的克隆与表达分析

文章分析了福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)细胞色素P450(CYPs)的结构、表达特征及四聚乙醛代谢与细胞色素P450表达水平的相关性。应用c DNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of c DNA ends,RACE)克隆获得福寿螺CYPs基因c DNA全长2 523 bp,命名为CYP3192A1,含1个开放阅读框(ORF),编码517个氨基酸,具有血红素结合区F**G***C*G、K螺旋(E**R)、I螺旋(AG*ET)、C螺旋(W***R)等高度保守序列及跨膜螺旋(12~34号氨基酸)。聚类分析显示福寿螺CYP3192A1是细胞色素P450新家族成员,与CYP3A亚家族序列同源性较高。荧光定量PCR(real time quantitative PCR,RT-q PCR)分析显示,福寿螺CYP3192A1基因表达量存在显著的性别及组织差异性(P0.05),表现为雌性表达量高于雄性,肠和鳃表达量最丰富,肝和胃次之,心和腹足中少量表达;四聚乙醛对福寿螺CYP3192A1表达的影响为"低浓度诱导,高浓度诱导期缩短并提前"。结果表明四聚乙醛处理能够显著诱导福寿螺CYP3192A1表达,与CYP3192A1表达量增加紧密相关,福寿螺CYP3192A1过表达可能在四聚乙醛代谢抗性中起重要作用。     

Mineral oil barrier is an effective alternative for suppression of damage by white snails

Purpose: Citrus white snail, Helicella candeharica Pfeiffer (Panpulmonata: Helicidae) is one of the most important orchard pests. In this study, the effectiveness of mineral oil was compared with molluscicide baits such as metaldehyde, ferricole (iron phosphate) and a snail-repellent paint in a commercial citrus orchard in northern Iran to reduce access of citrus white snails to citrus trees.

Materials and methods: The number of snails on citrus trees was monitored and counted 10 days after the application of the treatments, and at an interval of 6–8 days up to harvest time.

Results: In the first study, the mineral oil and repellent paint treatments reduced a number of snails best. In the second study, using metaldehyde and mineral oil barrier, again the mineral oil barrier reduced snails best. The cost of each treatment during one season per hectare was calculated at 55, 153, 124 and 120?$/ha for mineral oil, iron phosphate, snail-repellent paint and metaldehyde, respectively.

Conclusions: Mineral oil is an effective alternative for chemical compounds for reducing access by H. candeharica to citrus trees.     

四聚乙醛在烟草和土壤中的残留检测与消解动态

建立了烟草和土壤中四聚乙醛残留量的气相色谱分析方法。样品中残留的四聚乙醛用二氯甲烷提取,中性氧化铝与活性炭混合柱净化,偏重亚硫酸钠溶液除去游离醛,所得的四聚乙醛经盐酸解聚成乙醛,乙醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼进行衍生化反应,经硅胶柱净化,GC-NPD测定其衍生物。方法的最小检出量为0.04 ng,最低检出浓度为0.02~0.10 mg/kg;3个添加水平的平均回收率为86%~100%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于15%(n=5)。四聚乙醛在烟草及土壤中的残留试验结果表明:烟草植株对四聚乙醛的吸收在施药后4~5 d达到高峰,之后缓慢下降,到21 d已接近最低检出浓度0.04 mg/kg;其在土壤中的半衰期约为4 d;在推荐使用剂量下,四聚乙醛在干烟叶中的残留量低于最低检出浓度0.10 mg/kg,不会对烟草造成残留污染。     

A laboratory-based comparison of a molluscicide and an alternative food source (red clover) as means of reducing slug damage to winter wheat

Slugs are major pests of many crops in the UK, including winter wheat, yet current methods of control are often unreliable. This study investigates the potential use of red clover, as an alternative food source, to reduce the amount of damage caused to winter wheat by the field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller). Two laboratory-based studies, each conducted over a 7-day period, investigated the effects of red clover seedlings and commercial metaldehyde pellets on damage to winter wheat seeds and seedlings. The results indicate that metaldehyde applications, in the form of commercially available pellets, resulted in significantly greater protection to wheat seeds compared with red clover, whereas metaldehyde and red clover were equally as effective in reducing damage to wheat seedlings. A further laboratory experiment investigated the effect of two slug population densities (48 and 16 adults m(-2)) and high and low red clover seed rates (125% and 75% of a standard rate) on damage to wheat seeds. Results showed that, at the highest slug population density, red clover sown at 125% of the standard rate gave 99% protection to wheat seeds, compared with the 75% seed rate which gave 55%. At the lower slug population density, both seed rates of red clover resulted in similar levels of protection. Implications for the potential use of red clover as an alternative food source for reducing damage to winter wheat in field conditions are discussed.     

分散固相萃取净化果蔬中四聚乙醛残留量的LC-MSMS测定

建立了改进的分散固相萃取(DSPE)提取净化、测定水果和蔬菜中四聚乙醛残留量的液相色谱串联质谱方法。前处理过程:样品经乙腈提取后,取2mL上清液与PSA(100mg),和MgSO4(300mg)吸附净化剂涡旋振荡1min;再离心5min(3 000r/min);取全部上清液过0.22μm有机膜,由LC-MSMS检测。分析采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱分离,乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液作为流动相洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。四聚乙醛在0.002~1.00mg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性,线性相关系数0.99;方法检出限为0.002 5mg/kg;定量限为0.01mg/kg。添加浓度为0.01、0.10、1.0 mg/kg时,平均回收率在83.7%~116.4%之间;相对标准偏差为0.81%~6.21%。