miR-186-5p与α-MSH互作对绵羊黑素细胞黑色素生成的影响

黑色素合成受多种基因和miRNAs的调控,为了研究miR-186-5p与α-MSH协同作用对绵羊黑素细胞黑色素生成的影响。本研究在绵羊黑素细胞中转染miR-186-5p表达载体,同时添加α-MSH,通过实时荧光PCR（quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR）和蛋白质免疫印迹（Western blotting）检测MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2 4种可能与之相关的基因表达情况;利用免疫组化检测MITF蛋白在黑素细胞中的表达和亚细胞定位;通过分光光度法测定黑色素含量变化;利用划痕试验测定细胞迁移情况,试验分为miR-186-5p转染组、miR-186-5p+α-MSH互作组和对照组,每组3个重复。结果显示,miR-186-5p能够抑制绵羊黑素细胞中MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的表达,并最终抑制黑色素的生成。而添加α-MSH能缓解miR-186-5p对MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2表达的抑制作用,进而在一定程度上恢复黑色素的含量。另外,miR-186-5p还能抑制细胞分裂,并阻碍细胞的迁移,而α-MSH无法抵消miR-186-5p产生的这种负面影响。上述结果表明,在绵羊黑素细胞中,miR-186-5p和α-MSH均参与调控黑色素合成途径,其中,miR-186-5p主要起负调控作用,而α-MSH主要参与相关位点的正调控,并能部分恢复miR-186-5p导致的黑色素含量下降。值得注意的是,miR-186-5p还参与调控细胞的增殖和迁移,而α-MSH不参与相关调控。     

Anti-melanogenic property of geoditin A in murine B16 melanoma cells

Geoditin A, an isomalabaricane triterpene isolated from marine sponge Geodia japonica, has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in leukemia HL60 cells and human colon HT29 cancer cells through an oxidative stress, a process also interfering with normal melanogenesis in pigment cells. Treatment of murine melanoma B16 cells with geoditin A decreased expression of melanogenic proteins and cell melanogenesis which was aggravated with adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536, indicating melanogenic inhibition was mediated through a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway. Immunofluorescence microscopy and glycosylation studies revealed abnormal glycosylation patterns of melanogenic proteins (tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1), and a co-localization of tyrosinase with calnexin (CNX) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), implicating a post-translational modification in the ER and a degradation of tyrosinase in the lysosome. Taken together, potent anti-melanogenic property and the relatively low cytotoxicity of geoditin A have demonstrated its therapeutic potential as a skin lightening agent.     

Effects of photoperiod on growth performance and melanogenesis pathway for skin pigmentation of Malaysian red tilapia

Farming of red tilapia is increasing rapidly. However, its commercial farming development is challenged by lack of clear information on genetic basis for skin colour and pigmentation differences due to environmental changes. This study investigated the effects of photoperiod (light:dark, L:D) on the growth and skin colour variation of Malaysian red tilapia. A total of 180 fish weighing 150.48 ± 0.44 g were reared under natural photoperiod (13L:11D, control), prolonged lightness (24L:0D) and prolonged darkness (0L:24D) in three replicates for 78 days. The weight gain of fish cultured under both prolonged light and darkness were significantly higher than fish under natural photoperiod. The tyrosinase level in ventral skin was significantly higher for fish cultured under prolonged darkness condition than in the other two photoperiod regimes. Contrary, the cysteine level in the dorsal skin was significantly higher in the fish cultured under natural photoperiod than in prolonged light and darkness. The relative mRNA expressions of SRY‐related HMG‐Box 10 (sox 10), tyrosine (tyr), tyrosine‐related protein 1 (tyrp‐1) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (slc7a11) genes were significantly higher in ventral skin of fish under prolonged darkness than the other two photoperiods. This study demonstrates that photoperiod has an impact on melanogenesis and growth of red tilapia. Understanding the effects of photoperiod on genetic basis of red tilapia will help in selective breeding programme of the important economic traits for the development of commercial red tilapia farming.     

大蒜提取物对B16F10细胞内黑色素生成的抑制作用

采用MTT法测定大蒜提取物、二胜肽和六胜肽3种物质对B16F10细胞活力的影响,且在非毒剂量下,分别评价此3种物质对B16F10细胞黑色素生成和细胞形态的影响;在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验设计大蒜提取物、二胜肽和六胜肽组合物中各组分的用量,检测组合物对B16F10细胞黑色素生成抑制率的影响,并利用Western blot检测最佳组合物对黑色素合成相关蛋白TYR、TRP–1和TRP–2表达的影响。结果表明：0.00~2.50 μg/mL的大蒜提取物、0.00~4.00 μg/mL的二胜肽或六胜肽对B16F10细胞的细胞活力和细胞形态均没有显著影响;大蒜提取物在0.00~2.50 μg/mL、二胜肽和六胜肽在0.00~4.00 μg/mL内呈剂量依赖性的抑制黑色素的生成;当大蒜提取物、二胜肽、六胜肽质量浓度分别为2.50、1.00、0.50 μg/mL时的组合物抑制黑色素的生成作用效果最佳;该最佳组合物对黑色素合成相关蛋白TYR、TRP–1和TRP–2的表达具有明显的抑制作用,表明组合物抑制黑色素的生成与TYR、TRP–1和TRP–2蛋白水平的降低有关。     

Melanocytogenesis and melanogenesis: genetic regulation and comparative clinical diseases

Murine models recently provided important information on the pathogenesis of pigmentation disorders. Multiple factors influence melanocyte function at various levels, such as melanoblast development and migration from the neural crest to peripheral sites, melanoblast differentiation into melanocytes, melanocyte survival and, finally, synthesis of melanosomes and melanins. Mutations affecting any of these steps result in hereditary hypomelanoses. In some of these diseases, melanocytes are absent, either because of a defect in migration of melanoblasts from the neural crest, their inability to survive and/or proliferate in colonized territories (piebaldism and Waardenburg syndromes), or because of programmed melanocyte destruction (e.g. vitiligo). In other entities, the melanocytes are present but functionally deficient (oculocutaneous albinisms and pigmentary dilutions). This comprehensive review will introduce the genetic regulation of melanocytogenesis and melanogenesis and the correlations between genetic abnormalities and hypopigmentation clinical disorders.     

Anti-melanogenic effects of black,green, and white tea extracts on immortalized melanocytes

Tea contains polyphenols and is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Because most tyrosinase inhibitors that regulate melanogenesis are phenol/catechol derivatives, this study investigated the inhibitory effects of Camellia sinensis water extracts (CSWEs), including black tea, green tea, and white tea extracts, on melanogenesis using immortalized melanocytes. CSWEs inhibited melanin accumulation and melanin synthesis along with tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. These inhibitory effects were superior to those of arbutin, a well-known depigmenting agent. The anti-melanogenic activity of black (fermented) tea was higher than that of a predominant tea catecholamine, epigallocatechin gallate. CSWEs, especially black tea extract, decreased tyrosinase protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that the anti-melanogenic effect of CSWEs is mediated by a decrease in both tyrosinase activity and protein expression, and may be augmented by fermentation. Thus, CSWEs could be useful skin-whitening agents in the cosmetic industry.     

Inhibitory Activities of Protein Hydrolysates from Spotted Babylon Snails on Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis

The optimal conditions for protein hydrolysates preparation from spotted babylon Babylonia areolata exhibiting tyrosinase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity using alkaline protease (Protease G6) were undiluted Protease G6 (5.8 × 10⁵ DU/g) at 60 min of hydrolysis time and eightfold diluted Protease G6 (7.25 × 10⁴ DU/g) at 240 min of hydrolysis time. These two conditions were fractioned using molecular weight (MW) cutoff values of 10, 5, and 3 kDa membranes, and their anti-melanogenic and antioxidant properties were further analyzed. Among the fractions, the MW < 3 kDa fraction exhibited high levels of inhibitory activity toward the mono- and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase, with IC₅₀ values of 1.758 and 8.995 μg/mL, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that this fraction behaved as an uncompetitive inhibitor. The results demonstrated that the MW < 3 kDa fraction suppressed melanin synthesis and decreased cellular tyrosinase activity with no cytotoxicity to B16F10 melanoma cells.