养殖模式对草鱼池塘底泥微生物群落结构影响的分析

为了解养殖模式对主养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)池塘底泥微生物群落结构的影响,使用高通量测序方法分析了山塘、精养和鱼菜共生三种模式下草鱼池塘底泥微生物的结构特征。结果显示:(1)精养池塘水体COD_Mn、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)[(35.67~108.34)mg/L、(3.40~7.93)mg/L、(1.35~2.19)mg/L]显著高于山塘[(2.67~24.33)mg/L、(0.77~3.30)mg/L、(0.38~0.77)mg/L]和鱼菜共生池塘[(31.67~58.50)mg/L、(2.40~3.43)mg/L、(0.81~1.22)mg/L],且养殖后期呈上升趋势,山塘和鱼菜共生池塘后期呈下降趋势。(2)三种模式条件下底泥微生物群落结构存在显著差异,但鱼菜共生与精养池塘底泥菌群结构相似性高于山塘模式;山塘池塘底泥微生物丰富度显著低于鱼菜共生和精养池塘,但多样性无显著性差异;山塘菌群多样性指数与环境因子无相关性,但精养模式ACE指数与TN、NH⁺₄、TP、DO呈显著负相关,Shannon指数与TN和DO呈显著负相关;鱼菜共生模式ACE指数与NH⁺₄、TP、COD_Mn呈显著正相关,Shannon指数与NH⁺₄、TP、DO呈显著正相关。(3)山塘池塘核心菌群四季变化差异大;鱼菜共生和精养池塘核心菌群四季均以地杆菌属(Geobacter)、厌氧粘细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)和脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)等厌氧和兼性厌氧菌为主。结果表明,鱼菜共生模式底泥微生物群落受环境因子影响小,能够达到控制水体COD_Mn和TN的目的。     

下垫面变化对喀斯特坡地地下产流产沙的影响

通过人工模拟降雨试验,探索表土剥离对喀斯特坡耕地侵蚀产沙的影响。采用钢槽装填土石模拟喀斯特坡地的"二元结构",通过正交试验分析了下垫面类型(坡耕地、裸坡地)、雨强(0.5,0.8,1.3mm/min)和地下孔(裂)隙度(1%,2%,3%,4%,5%)对坡地地下产流、产沙的影响。结果表明:表土剥离导致下垫面土壤物理性质改变,是影响坡地产流、产沙特征变化的主要因素。降雨强度主要影响坡地地下产流量和产沙量,地下孔(裂)隙度主要影响径流和泥沙在地表和地下的分配比例。表土剥离后表层土壤的容重和土壤颗粒分形维数呈显著性增大,导致土壤透水性、孔隙大小等发生改变。相比之下,在0.5mm/min雨强下,裸坡地的地下产流量、产流系数、产沙比重均大于坡耕地,雨强增大至0.8,1.3mm/min后,则是坡耕地大于裸坡地。同时,随着降雨强度的增大,坡耕地产流量和产沙量随雨强的变化顺序为0.5mm/min雨强0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强。而裸坡地的产流量大小随雨强的变化顺序为0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强0.5 mm/min雨强,产沙量大小随雨强的变化顺序为0.5 mm/min雨强0.8mm/min雨强1.3mm/min雨强。增大地下孔裂隙度能显著(p0.05)的增大两种坡地的地下产流、产沙的贡献量。地下孔裂隙度为1%~3%条件下,2种坡地地下侵蚀产沙比重存在极显著差异(p0.01),随着地下孔(裂)隙度增大至4%和5%,两者间的差异缩小。虽然裸坡地的地下侵蚀产沙量小于坡耕地的,但是其地下产沙比重更大。在喀斯特地区进行开发建设时,应注重地下漏失的防治工作。研究成果能够为喀斯特坡地土壤侵蚀研究和水土流失防治提供重要参考。     

东雷抽黄引水灌区退水对干渠减淤的影响

【目的】分析东雷抽黄引水灌区渠系泥沙淤积问题,探讨通过加大干渠输水流量以减少渠道淤积的可行性。【方法】利用东雷抽黄灌区总干渠的泥沙淤积实测资料,对水沙输移数学模型进行验证,再依据典型年份不同灌季不同时段引水含沙量高低情况,拟定了加大渠道输水流量的多种方案,对不同方案情况下渠道的冲淤过程及减淤量等进行数值模拟计算。【结果】减淤量和抽水费用等的计算结果表明,减淤效果最佳的方案是春灌期间含沙量较低时段加大渠道输水流量,该方案的减淤率为59.63%,减淤耗水费用为9元/m~3,较人工清淤费用(50元/m~3)节省成本82%。【结论】在春灌或夏灌含沙量较低时段,利用退水渠加大干渠输水流量减少渠道淤积在技术上是可行的,经济上也是合理的。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

Cetacean rapid assessment: An approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas

1. Many species and populations of marine megafauna are undergoing substantial declines, while many are also very poorly understood. Even basic information on species presence is unknown for tens of thousands of kilometres of coastline, particularly in the developing world, which is a major hurdle to their conservation.
2. Rapid ecological assessment is a valuable tool used to identify and prioritize areas for conservation; however, this approach has never been clearly applied to marine cetaceans. Here a rapid assessment protocol is outlined that will generate broad‐scale, quantitative, baseline data on cetacean communities and potential threats, that can be conducted rapidly and cost‐effectively across whole countries, or regions.
3. The rapid assessment was conducted in Tanzania, East Africa, and integrated collection of data on cetaceans from visual, acoustic, and interview surveys with existing information from multiple sources, to provide low resolution data on cetacean community relative abundance, diversity, and threats. Four principal threats were evaluated and compared spatially using a qualitative scale: cetacean mortality in fishing gear (particularly gillnets); cetacean hunting, consumption or use by humans; shipping related collision risk and noise disturbance; and dynamite fishing.
4. Ninety‐one groups of 11 species of marine mammal were detected during field surveys. Potentially the most important area for cetaceans was the Pemba Channel, a deep, high‐current waterway between Pemba Island and mainland Africa, where by far the highest relative cetacean diversity and high relative abundance were recorded, but which is also subject to threats from fishing.
5. A rapid assessment approach can be applied in data deficient areas to quickly provide information on cetaceans that can be used by governments and managers for marine spatial planning, management of developments, and to target research activities into the most important locations.

     

暴雨条件下紫色土区玉米季坡耕地氮素流失特征

【目的】研究暴雨条件下,川中丘陵紫色土区坡耕地玉米全生育期土壤侵蚀及氮素流失规律,为研究区氮素流失预测和有效防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用人工模拟降雨与径流小区相结合的方法,在玉米苗期(5月1日),拔节期(5月26日),抽雄期(6月27日)和成熟期(8月4日)进行模拟降雨,结合川中丘陵紫色土区夏季暴雨多的特点,开展降雨强度为1.5 mm·min~(-1),坡度为15°条件下地表径流、壤中流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失特征的研究。【结果】(1)玉米各生育时期地表径流产流率和产沙率总体表现为随降雨时间延长而呈增加的变化趋势,地表径流产流率和产沙率均表现苗期最高,抽雄期最低;壤中流产流率则表现为抽雄期最高,成熟期最低。(2)玉米各生育时期地表径流中总氮流失率随降雨时间延长而呈增加,在降雨36 min后基本趋于稳定,总氮和可溶性总氮流失率均在玉米苗期最大,平均值分别为5.24和4.74 mg·m~(-2)·min~(-1);玉米全生育期地表径流中硝态氮流失率则在降雨30 min后基本稳定,铵态氮流失率呈现波动性,硝态氮和铵态氮流失率均在玉米拔节期最大,平均值分别为3.90和0.14 mg·m~(-2)·min~(-1)。在玉米全生育期地表径流中总氮,可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量与地表径流量呈现极显著线性关系。(3)壤中流中总氮流失率在玉米各生育时期随降雨时间延长缓慢增加,壤中流中可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失率在玉米苗期、拔节期和成熟期变化趋势与总氮一致,而铵态氮流失率在玉米全生育期呈现波动性;总氮,可溶性总氮,硝态氮和铵态氮流失率均在玉米拔节期最大,平均值分别为25.04、20.34、16.20和0.22 mg·m~(-2)·min~(-1)。在玉米全生育期壤中流中总氮,可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量与壤中流量呈现显著线性关系,且均在玉米拔节期表现为斜率最大。(4)玉米各生育时期侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失率均随降雨时间延长而增加,但在玉米苗期表现为增幅最大,平均值为0.92 mg·m~(-2)·min~(-1)。在玉米全生育期,侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失量与侵蚀泥沙量呈现极显著线性关系。(5)地表径流中不同形态氮素流失量均在玉米苗期和拔节期最大,壤中流中总氮流失量则在玉米拔节期和抽雄期最大,侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失量在玉米苗期最大。壤中流为研究区坡耕地氮素流失的主要途径,占氮素流失总量的64.07%—83.39%。可溶性总氮为径流中氮素流失主要形态,以硝态氮为主要形态。【结论】1.5 mm·min~(-1)降雨强度下,地表径流和壤中流中总氮流失量分别在玉米苗期和拔节期最高,可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量均在拔节期最高,存在水体富营养化潜在风险,控制苗期地表径流量和拔节期壤中流量可减少该区域氮素流失量。     

黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析

[目的]研究黑河流域上游干流的水沙时空变化特征及其成因,为流域生态保护和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]选取黑河上游干流主要水文站近60a的实测径流、输沙及降雨资料,通过采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,研究水沙变化特征及驱动因子。[结果]黑河上游干流径流量总体上从20世纪80年代以后呈增加趋势;输沙量从20世纪70年代开始呈不显著增加趋势,但莺落峡水文站输沙量从2001年开始呈显著下降趋势。[结论]降水增加是影响黑河上游径流量增多的重要原因;水土流失导致了札马什克站和祁连站输沙量的增加,而水库拦沙是莺落峡水文站输沙量显著减少的主要原因。     

柘林湾海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构

海洋牧场是由多个功能区组成的生态系统工程,不同功能区的生态环境和食物网结构各不相同,通过研究不同功能区食物网结构有助于了解功能区之间生态系统差异。实验通过对南澳柘林湾海洋牧场渔业资源环境调查,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术对海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构进行比较,并借助SIBER对稳定同位素数据进行分析。结果显示,海洋牧场调查共采获生物种类78种,其中,消费者的δ~(13)C比值介于–19.94‰~–13.62‰,δ~(15)N比值介于8.78‰~15.29‰,营养级范围介于1.73~3.64。不同功能区同位素数据对比表明,人工鱼礁区生物资源相对丰富,食物网结构较为复杂;海藻增殖区中生物生态位分布最广,营养冗余程度较高;贝类增殖区生物生态位较窄,营养级分布较为集中。在不同功能区生态系统稳定性对比中,人工鱼礁区生态系统稳定性最佳,海藻增殖区生态系统稳定性较差。