基于流式细胞术的桫椤基因组大小测定

以买麻藤(Gnetum montanum)为内参,测定5种常用裂解液(Tris·MgCl_2、LB01、WPB、Otto’s、Galbraith’s)对桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)细胞核的裂解效果,并通过比较桫椤和买麻藤流式细胞仪测定的荧光峰值,计算出桫椤的基因组大小。结果表明:5种裂解液中,WPB为桫椤最佳裂解液;桫椤基因组大小为6 003.25Mb,即2C DNA含量为6.138 pg。     

Biodiversity management approaches for stream–riparian areas: Perspectives for Pacific Northwest headwater forests,microclimates, and amphibians

Stream–riparian areas represent a nexus of biodiversity, with disproportionate numbers of species tied to and interacting within this key habitat. New research in Pacific Northwest headwater forests, especially the characterization of microclimates and amphibian distributions, is expanding our perspective of riparian zones, and suggests the need for alternative designs to manage stream–riparian zones and their adjacent uplands. High biodiversity in riparian areas can be attributed to cool moist conditions, high productivity and complex habitat. All 47 northwestern amphibian species have stream–riparian associations, with a third being obligate forms to general stream–riparian areas, and a quarter with life histories reliant on headwater landscapes in particular. Recent recognition that stream-breeding amphibians can disperse hundreds of meters into uplands implies that connectivity among neighboring drainages may be important to their population structures and dynamics. Microclimate studies substantiate a “stream effect” of cool moist conditions permeating upslope into warmer, drier forests. We review forest management approaches relative to headwater riparian areas in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and we propose scenarios designed to retain all habitats used by amphibians with complex life histories. These include a mix of riparian and upslope management approaches to address the breeding, foraging, overwintering, and dispersal functions of these animals. We speculate that the stream microclimate effect can partly counterbalance edge effects imposed by upslope forest disturbances, hence appropriately sized and managed riparian buffers can protect suitable microclimates at streams and within riparian forests. We propose one approach that focuses habitat conservation in headwater areas – where present management allows extensive logging – on sensitive target species, such as tailed frogs and torrent salamanders that often occur patchily. Assuming both high patchiness and some concordance among the distribution of sensitive species, protecting areas with higher abundances of these animals could justify less protection of currently unoccupied or low-density habitats, where more intensive forest management for timber production could occur. Also, we outline an approach that protects juxtaposed headwater patches, retaining connectivity among sub-drainages using a 6th-field watershed spatial scale for assuring well-distributed protected areas across forested landscapes. However, research is needed to test this approach and to determine whether it is sufficient to buffer downstream water quality and habitat from impacts of headwater management. Offering too-sparse protection everywhere is likely insufficient to conserve headwater habitats and biodiversity, while our alternative targeted protection of selected headwaters does not bind the entire forest landscape into a biodiversity reserve.     

粗糙型布鲁菌M111菌壳的制备

将含有裂解酶基因重组温控裂解质粒pBBR1MCS：：PR-PL-E电转化至粗糙型布鲁菌M111中，构建重组布鲁菌M111（pBBRlMCS：：PR-PL-E）。重组菌株在28℃培养，42℃诱导表达裂解酶E，从而制备布鲁菌菌壳。绘制布鲁菌生长曲线及裂解曲线，计算裂解率并用透射电镜观察布鲁菌菌壳的形态。结果显示，成功制备了布鲁菌菌壳，温控裂解质粒pBBRIMCS：：PR-PL-E对布鲁菌的裂解率为100％。透射电镜观察可见细菌内容物部分流出，细菌表面出现不同程度的皱缩，细胞形态发生变化。结果表明，本试验成功制备了粗糙型布鲁菌菌壳，初步研究了其基本特性，为下-步开展布鲁菌菌壳疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

青饲切碎机动刀片受力对比分析

对PCCⅣ15．0S型青饲切碎机的两种动刀片进行受力分析，深入探讨了动刀片在切碎物料过程中各种参数的变化规律，从而得出圆弧刃口动刀片在综合切碎性能上较直刃口动刀片优越。     

河岸带生态系统管理模型研究进展

（西南大学资源与环境学院，重庆数字农业重点实验室，重庆 400716）     

连续热裂解法大规模提取质粒DNA

选择质粒保有率高及最适合发酵的TOP10菌株,在传统的煮沸裂解法提取质粒的基础上进行了提取方法的改进,使用恒流泵和热交换螺旋管,使菌体在流动过程中完成热裂解,释放质粒DNA。改进后的方法裂解温度可降到70",提取工艺流程简单,缩短了提取时间,提高了质粒DNA的提取效率。利用本方法提取的质粒大小正确、纯度合格,每升发酵液得率平均为100mg质粒DNA。     

格氏线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白抑制昆虫免疫活性的比较

格氏线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白都具有抑制昆虫免疫反应的能力,能够帮助侵染期线虫侵染寄主,但两者所含蛋白组分并不相同,从而导致蛋白活性也有所差异。本研究采用乙醇萃取和昆虫匀浆诱导,分别从侵染期的格氏线虫体表及分泌物中得到了表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白,并比较了这两者之间的异同。结果表明,无论是在昆虫体内还是体外,侵染期线虫表皮蛋白和分泌蛋白都具有抑制昆虫免疫反应的生物活性,并且分泌蛋白的活性更强。本研究为进一步研究线虫侵染与昆虫免疫间的相互关系和线虫抑制昆虫免疫反应的作用机理提供了科学佐证。     

河岸植被缓冲带的功能及其设计与管理

对河岸植被缓冲带的主要功能、河岸植被缓冲带设计中应注意的影响因素和模型及地理信息系统在河岸植被缓冲带管理中的应用情况进行探讨,提出今后河岸植被缓冲带领域的研究重点和方向。     

Is the decline of soil microbial biomass in late winter coupled to changes in the physical state of cold soils?

During winter when the active layer of Arctic and alpine soils is below 0 °C, soil microbes are alive but metabolizing slowly, presumably in contact with unfrozen water. This unfrozen water is at the same negative chemical potential as the ice. While both the hydrostatic and the osmotic components of the chemical potential will contribute to this negative value, we argue that the osmotic component (osmotic potential) is the significant contributor. Hence, the soil microorganisms need to be at least halotolerant and psychrotolerant to survive in seasonally frozen soils. The low osmotic potential of unfrozen soil water will lead to the withdrawal of cell water, unless balanced by accumulation of compatible solutes. Many microbes appear to survive this dehydration, since microbial biomass in some situations is high, and rising, in winter. In late winter however, before the soil temperature rises above zero, there can be a considerable decline in soil microbial biomass due to the loss of compatible solutes from viable cells or to cell rupture. This decline may be caused by changes in the physical state of the system, specifically by sudden fluxes of melt water down channels in frozen soil, rapidly raising the chemical potential. The dehydrated cells may be unable to accommodate a rapid rise in osmotic potential so that cell membranes rupture and cells lyse. The exhaustion of soluble substrates released from senescing plant and microbial tissues in autumn and winter may also limit microbial growth, while in addition the rising temperatures may terminate a winter bloom of psychrophiles.Climate change is predicted to cause a decline in plant production in these northern soils, due to summer drought and to an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. Both of these may be expected to reduce soil microbial biomass in late winter. After lysis of microbial cells this biomass provides nutrients for plant growth in early spring. These feedbacks, in turn, could affect herbivory and production at higher trophic levels.