大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类及其分布

根据收集的有关文献和海上调查资料，分析了大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓生产的主要渔获品种的生物学特性、捕捞生产情况及管理措施等。此外，还根据FAO建立的金枪鱼生产数据库，采用GIS软件制作了大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类捕捞产量的地理空间分布图。并分析了其资源的空间分布特征。     

Considerations of stock structure of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Indian Ocean based on fishery data

Yellowfin stock structure in the Indian Ocean was studied by using industrial tuna longline fishery data. Three types of test variables were used to detect stock structure, i.e., CPUE, age-specific CPUE, and coefficient of variation for size. Time-series data of test variables were compiled for six sub-areas that were arranged by dividing the whole region systematically along longitude lines every 20 degrees. Then time-series data were smoothed by moving averages, and regressed by simple models. Patterns of time-series trends were graphically and statistically compared to classify homogeneous sub-area groups. Two assumptions were (a) that homogeneous stocks exist longitudinally and overlap in adjacent waters, and (b) that test variables within homogeneous sub-area groups are equally affected, and hence patterns of the time-series trends are similar. After graphical screening for significant sub-area groups, analysis of covariance was applied to test homogeneity of regression parameters representing patterns of the time-series trends. By classifying homogeneous sub-area groups, stock structures were determined at the P <0.05 and P <0.50 levels. The P<0.50 level was recognized as a useful criterion for ‘weak’ test variables since masked or vague structures at the P <0.05 level were likely cleared at this level in many cases. Results of this study and past stock structure studies were reviewed and compared. It was concluded that there are two major and two minor stocks of yellowfin tuna. The two major stocks (the western and the eastern) are located at 40^o-90^oE and 70^o-130^oE respectively. The minor stocks are the far western and the far eastern stocks (the latter possibly being a part of the Pacific stock), which are located westward of 40^oE and eastward of 110^oE respectively. Neighboring stocks are intermingled in adjacent waters.     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。     

印度洋大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场重心变化分析

大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼是印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓的主要渔获种类.通过计算以渔获量为权重的经度和纬度的加权平均值即渔场重心和利用空间距离分析方法,分别对1967-1987年、1988-2004年两个时间段的印度洋大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场重心的年内、年际变化规律和各月渔场重心空间聚类情况进行研究.研究表明,渔场重心在年内呈现出规律性变化,大眼金枪鱼月重心变化1-4月向西北移动,5-8月向东南方向移动,9-12月向东北方向移动;黄鳍金枪鱼月渔场重心变化1月向西北移动,2-4月向西移动,5-8月份向东南移动,9-12月份向东北移动,这在一定程度上反映了印度洋大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼的洄游规律.渔场重心的年间变化受到了海洋环境条件变化所引起的南方涛动现象(ENSO)的影响,大部分发生El Nio的当年或次年,年渔获量分布重心会向南、向西移;发生La Nia的年份前后渔获量分布重心会向北、向东移.同时捕捞行为也对渔场重心的年间变化产生影响.     

Development of techniques for the cultivation of Lessonia trabeculata Villouta et Santelices (Phaeophyceae: Laminariales) in Chile

Large quantities of brown algae have traditionally been exported from Chile as a raw material, of which Lessonia spp. has amounted to over 130 000 tons annually since 1995. To the export demand has recently been added the new demand for high‐quality Lessonia spp. as a foodstuff for the expanding abalone culture industry in Chile. The present study is based on efforts to produce significant quantities of Lessonia trabeculata in long‐line culture as food for tank‐cultured Haliotis rufescens Swainson and Haliotis discus‐hannae Ino, which accept it as an excellent source of nutrition. Small sporophytes of L. trabeculata were propagated in the laboratory from reproductive blades harvested by diving near Coquimbo (30°S). The best culture substrate was polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in small pieces, inserted into the nylon cord for final culturing. Enrichment of sea water with agricultural‐grade fertilizer produced no differences in growth and development of the Lessonia compared with results obtained using Provasoli medium. Sporophytes 1–2 cm in length cultured on 12‐mm cord were transferred to outdoor tanks with circulating sea water and strong aeration where they were outgrown to 15–20 cm length; at this size, they were transferred to a 50‐m long line in the ocean. In a 1‐year period, individual plants reached up to 1.7 kg in mass, with average values per cord of about 9 kg. Total production from the long line was about 500 kg fresh weight of the alga. In comparative testing, H. discus hannae grew as well on the cultured algae as on naturally occurring L. trabeculata.     

大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔场的地统计分析

使用地统计方法研究大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔场空间变异特征及时空分布,分析数据为1982―2010年日本大西洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)延绳钓渔捞数据。结果表明,大眼金枪鱼渔场分布具有较强的空间相关性,6月、10月和11月空间相关性显著(P<0.05),其他月份空间相关性极显著(P<0.01);指数模型能够较好地表达渔场的空间变异特征,其相关系数介于0.6~0.9之间,模型拟合较好;预测图表明大眼金枪鱼渔场变化呈现出两种轨迹,一种是大西洋中部与美洲近岸之间的循环变化,另一种是大西洋中部与非洲近岸之间的循环变化;预测结果验证表明,地统计能较好地对渔场空间分布进行预测,但是单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)预测值显著高于2009―2010年实测值,资源状况差异可能是引起本次研究预测值偏高的主要原因。     

桑沟湾筏式养鲍区水质分析

根据2009年4、6、8、10和12月5个航次的调查数据,分别采用有机污染指数(A)、营养水平指数(E)、营养盐浓度阈值法和化学计量法对鲍区的水质状况进行了分析。通过与海带区、非养殖区同步调查数据以及鲍区历史数据的比较,研究了筏式养鲍对水环境的影响。结果显示,鲍区溶解性无机氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐的浓度分别在2.02~9.25,0.086～0.420,0.91～18.35范围内,季节变化明显。4、6、12月A值均<0,水质状态良好;8月和10月A值介于0和1之间,水质状态较好,鲍筏式养殖区尚未受到有机污染。E值介于0~0.5,水质营养水平处于贫营养状态。磷酸盐是鲍区、海带区及非养殖区的主要限制因子。鲍区的氨氮及无机氮浓度在8月出现峰值,显著高于海带区和非养殖区,也高于历史数据,可能与鲍的氨氮排泄有关。虽然鲍区目前的水环境状况较好,但是需要注意的是营养盐的结构和季节性变化趋势发生变化。     

基于静力分析的深水台筏养殖设施结构优化设计

基于静力分析方法对延绳式深水台筏养殖设施(简称台筏系统)的结构进行了优化设计。通过分析台筏系统的受力情况及其失效形式,建立了台筏系统抗风浪能力分析模型,基于该模型对台筏系统的结构参数、锚固方式、总体布置、总体结构形式及其对台筏系统的抗风浪能力的影响进行分析,并针对这些结构参数及其结构形式提出相应的优化设计方法和选取原则。利用上述静力分析模型和优化设计方法,对架设于獐子岛海域30m水深的台筏养殖设施进行了分析计算和优化设计改造,并在相同海域进行了验证实验,通过对比,分析了优化设计方案的可行性及其优化效果。研究表明,通过优化设计改造的台筏系统抗风浪能力明显提高,且台筏系统的缠绕现象明显减少。本研究中提出的优化设计方法可为深水延绳式浮筏养殖设施的设计提供参考。     

基于有限元的深水延绳式浮筏养殖装置抗风浪能力分析

由浮漂、网笼、主绳、桩绳以及锚固入海底的锚桩构成的延绳式深水浮筏养殖设施处于风大、浪高、流急的深水开放水域,受到复杂海况的作用,其结构的安全性与可靠性将直接影响到整个养殖生产的成败,在其结构设计时需要考虑海洋风浪流的影响,对其受力和运动特性进行研究,进而分析其抗风浪能力,为养殖设施结构的参数设计提供参考。该文基于有限元方法,通过对深水延绳式浮筏养殖装置的受力特性及其变形情况进行分析,建立筏架系统有限元分析模型,利用Broyden迭代法解有限元方程,计算了系统在不同浪级(即不同波高)海况下的筏架系统位移和桩绳的最大张力,对养殖装置的抗风浪能力进行了计算分析。以架设于獐子岛海域30 m水深的深水浮筏养殖设施为计算实例,结果显示,主绳长300 m的筏架系统在1.5 m/s流速的海域中,其桩绳最大张力为78.8 k N,横向最大位移为18.5 m,抗风浪能力为6~7级海浪(6 m波高);实测结果分别为72.7 k N、16.9 m,计算结果与实测值吻合良好。通过进一步的试验验证,该分析模型可为深水延绳式浮筏养殖设施的实际工程设计提供理论参考。     

桑沟湾筏式养殖鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)的生长特性

2014年4-6月在桑沟湾海区进行鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)海上筏式养殖实验,分析了鼠尾藻在桑沟湾的生长特性,调查了藻体上的附着生物.结果显示,(1)鼠尾藻在桑沟湾海域生长迅速,水温为10-17℃时特定生长率最高,可达6.10％/d;根据特定生长率与水温的关系,获得了鼠尾藻的最佳生长温度为14.9℃;(2)5月10日开始有生殖托形成,水温达到20.4℃时,鼠尾藻生殖托大量成熟,并有放散;(3)养殖期间,鼠尾藻最大长度达187.05 cm,均长可达112.31 cm;干湿比由0.147(4月)上升至0.189(6月);每公顷产量可达43.95 t(湿重),相当于干重为8.25 t;(4)藻体上有大型附着生物16种,主要优势种为尖嘴扁颌针鱼鱼卵、玻璃海鞘和海绵;附着生物的生物量随着水温升高而增加.研究表明,海区的附着生物对鼠尾藻的生长影响不大,在桑沟湾大规模养殖鼠尾藻是可行的.