畜禽产品水足迹研究进展

畜禽产品的生产过程需要消耗大量水资源,对畜禽产品进行水足迹评价能够清楚地认识其对水资源的消耗情况。目前,人们对畜禽产品的需求日益增长,水资源消耗也在持续升高,因此研究如何缓解畜禽产品生产带来的水资源压力,已成为人们必须要面对的问题。评价畜禽产品的用水量和对不同生产阶段的用水分析,将有助于生产者和消费者确定用水量最大的过程,并针对性地实施提高用水效率的战略。本文介绍了国内外畜禽产品水足迹研究现状,对比分析了不同畜禽产品水足迹评价方法,展望了畜禽产品水足迹的发展,最终提出以下降低畜禽产品水足迹的主要措施:1)减少饲料生产的水足迹;2)提高饲料转化率;3)水资源管理和提高畜禽动物生产性能;4)改变人们的消费习惯。     

奶业产业链纵向价格传导的时滞效应与政策启示

奶业产业链纵向价格传导受阻,导致奶牛养殖长期处于价值链的低增值环节,甚至出现"行业萎缩"现象。本文对上游奶牛养殖成本向下游乳品加工环节价格传导机制进行理论分析,并基于2008年1-12月份奶牛饲养成本和原料奶价格的月度数据,运用有限分布滞后模型测度价格传导的滞后效应。结果表明:饲养成本向下游传导存在显著的滞后性,饲养成本变化1%,滞后5和6期,分别引起原料奶价格变动0.086%、0.111%。奶业价值链体系自身难以实现价格的无阻滞传导以及形成合理的利益分配机制,政府和行业必须推动原料奶生产提高组织化程度,构建价格预警平台,完善产业链各方利益关系。     

财税激励政策助推食用菌企业转型升级

针对食用菌产业中出现的菌种选取不精,产量过剩,加工发展缓慢和环境污染以及技术创新力度不足等问题,政府相关部门应出台一系列的财税激励政策,重点推进食用菌产业全面的转型升级,切实提高食用菌产业的经济效益。通过分析食用菌产业发展的市场状况,总结食用菌产业转型升级的限制因素,为加快企业转型升级提出相应的财税激励政策建议,以推动食用菌产业的创新发展。     

食用菌栽培与旅游业融合力评价研究

改革开放以来,经济的发展和市场的巨大需求使食用菌成为我国农民增收的主要经济作物,食用菌产业是公认的朝阳产业。但是由于经济现状的限制,食用菌产业的发展常以市场为主导,急需采用先进的发展理念,使食用菌产业更加科学合理的发展。以因子分析法为基础进一步构建研究模型,采用回归分析法,对食用菌种植与旅游业融合力进行评价。回归分析结果显示,变量融合广度、融合深度、融合增值对食用菌种植与旅游业融合力有显著的正向影响。     

食用菌合作社成员参与品牌建设意向的影响因素

推动食用菌农业合作社品牌建设是提升合作社发展水平的重要途径,能够极大促进食用菌合作社资源的高效利用,推动乡村产业振兴的步伐,进而有效加快我国食用菌产业的国际化进程。为进一步引导农业合作社成员积极参与品牌建设,对合作社成员参与品牌建设意向的影响因素进行了探究。结果表明,以下三个方面是食用菌合作社成员对参与标准化生产意向的影响程度最为强烈;影响因素还有以下3个方面:一是对于食用菌销售收益的满意程度;二是借助合作社销售食用菌的占比;三是食用菌合作社决策的民主性。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业环保现状调查研究

对长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业的环保现状进行了调查研究,结果发现:当前区域垃圾焚烧企业,在保证规模、控制数量及地域上均衡布置的前提下,行业废水、废气污染治理设施齐全,废水、废气均稳定可达标排放,调查时段内未有投诉问题。区域垃圾焚烧行业在做到当下要求的情况下,实现了区域垃圾焚烧行业污染可控,对城市垃圾焚烧行业环保发展具备借鉴意义。     

核心竞争力视角下农产品加工业人力资源管理研究——以铜仁市为例

基于核心竞争力视角,设计农产品加工业人力资源管理问卷和访谈进行数据搜集,结合数理统计分析,对铜仁市农产品加工业的人力资源管理进行分析。结果表明,被调查企业的人力资源管理存在管理模式较为粗放、管理理念相对落后、制度不够完善、“无法可依”和“有法不依”2种现象同时并存、从业人员素质偏低、年龄结构分布不合理、薪酬制度不合理等问题,并就存在的问题提出相应的对策。     

食用菌菌包生产现状与发展趋势

介绍了食用菌栽培工艺流程及菌包生产国内外研究现状，指出存在的问题及改进措施，并提出食用菌工厂化生产的发展趋势。      

不利气象条件对果业生产的影响及果园管理建议

针对近年来不利气象条件频发情况,分析了不利气象条件对果业生产的影响,提出减轻不利气象条件对果树影响的建议和不利气象发生后果园的管理要点。