内蒙古草原家庭牧场可持续发展研究

内蒙古草原作为全球干旱、半干旱区的重要组成部分，是诸多研究关注的热点区域。家庭牧场作为内蒙古草原基本的生产和管理单元，探析其可持续发展有助于为实现区域可持续发展提供科学依据。本研究阐述了内蒙古草原家庭牧场的形成历程及定义；并分别侧重自然生态系统、社会经济系统、自然-经济-社会复合生态系统3个方面总结了其研究进展；最后分别在坚持草牧业发展理念、依托景观可持续性科学指导、加强3个界面耦合研究、扩展沙地草原、关注未来发展模式、重视技术支撑等6个方面就内蒙古草原家庭牧场进行了研究展望。希望本研究在为内蒙古草原可持续发展提供科学支撑的同时，亦能为全球干旱、半干旱草原区的可持续发展提供参考。     

锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局演变及驱动因素分析

在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下，生态系统格局和质量都发生变化，而生态系统格局和质量的变化直接影响生态系统服务和人类福祉。锡林郭勒盟位于内蒙古中部地区，是京津冀地区的重要生态安全屏障，也是主要的畜产品供应地，研究锡林郭勒盟生态格局演变及驱动因素对于构建内蒙古北方生态安全屏障有重要意义。本研究利用遥感影像，通过分析2000和2015年生态系统类型和质量的变化，探讨资源开发、城市化发展、政策实施等多重因素对生态系统格局演变的作用。研究结果表明： 2000-2015年间锡林郭勒盟生态系统质量整体好转，草地生态系统质量中东部地区提高最为明显；草地、灌丛、城镇、裸地、湿地、森林、矿区面积有所增加，农田、沙地、水域面积有所减少；锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局和质量受到人为和自然因素的共同影响，其中，与降水正相关，与温度负相关。GDP与采矿用地显著正相关，退耕还草政策促使农田向草原转移。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

农业机器人并联视觉云台研究

针对智能农用机器人对机器视觉工作范围的需求,提出了一种用于农业机器人的并联视觉云台设计方案。基于双摇杆的输入输出特性,提出了一种运动支链设计方法,用于构建二自由度全球面工作空间解耦并联机构。在此基础上,衍生出两种可行的运动支链P5R和PRR,基于这两种运动支链,设计了2种二自由度全球面工作空间并联视觉云台RRP5R和RRPRR。通过运动学分析,分别建立了2种机构的位置关系表达式;通过尺寸优化,得到了2种机构的最优杆长比;通过对比得出,RRP5R型并联视觉云台具有更好的输入输出性能;通过有限元分析,研究了载荷对RRP5R型并联视觉云台运动精度的影响。结果表明,RRP5R机构强度满足要求,但杆件的累积弹性变形导致运动副的位移偏差较大。     

基于GIS与RS的北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变

研究北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变特征,对加强屏障带建设、改善生态环境具有重要意义。以北方防沙屏障带为研究区,根据2005、2010、2015年MODIS遥感影像,将北方防沙屏障带生态系统类型划分为森林、草地、湿地、农田、城镇、荒漠和裸地7类。采用空间统计、转移矩阵、景观指数分析法、PNTIL模型等方法,对北方防沙屏障带2005—2015年生态系统类型时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明,2005—2015年北方防沙屏障带生态系统整体呈稳定状态;从分屏障带看,内蒙古防沙屏障带荒漠面积明显减少,塔里木防沙屏障带森林面积迅速增加,而河西走廊防沙屏障带草地面积明显增加;从正/逆转换方向来看,屏障带内农田、城镇、荒漠及裸地生态系统正向转换率高于逆向转换率。10年间,在景观水平上,北方防沙屏障带斑块数量、斑块密度呈减少趋势;在类型水平上荒漠景观整体呈现破碎化萎缩的趋势特征,森林、草地向形状简单化的方向发展。研究表明,2005—2015年,北方防沙屏障带生态总体向好,治沙效果明显,但局部仍面临较大压力。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

草地生态系统中植被冠层截留的研究进展

草地植被冠层截留是草地生态系统对降水再分配的主要过程，属于草地生态系统蒸散发的组分之一。由于草地植被冠层截留常在草地生态系统水量平衡研究中被忽略而导致蒸散发组分的划分中存在误差。因此，讨论草地植被冠层截留对草地生态水文学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本论文通过对目前草地植被冠层截留研究的现状和存在问题，从草地植被冠层截留的测定方法和主要的影响因素（环境因子和植被特征）2方面论述草地植被冠层截留的研究进展。分析发现，草地植被冠层截留的影响因素研究主要集中在降水特征、气象条件、放牧和植被特征等方面，各因素的综合影响研究仍然非常缺乏，测定方法的准确性有待评估。     

生态系统视角下农村失独家庭的困境应对策略研究

农村失独父母是我国计划生育政策实施以来产生的一个特殊弱势群体。由于农村社会经济发展的特殊性,处于失独困境的家庭亟待政府和社会的更多关注和支持。农村失独家庭面临家庭关系紧张、精神承受重压、经济水平落后、生活缺乏照顾、养老医疗困顿、人际关系贫瘠等难题。为了化解上述难题,必须尽可能发挥政府和社会的保障支持功能。基于生态系统理论,需要通过多主体协同,从宏观、外层、中层、微观四个层次构建对于农村失独家庭的社会保障、社会支持体系,形成为农村失独家庭服务的系统性支持保障网络。