Intra‐annual changes in reproductive indices of male and female Himalayan snow trout,Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832)

Periodic changes in reproductive hormone levels, gonadal histology and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii, were examined to ascertain annual cycle of gonadal development and reproductive status in their natural habitat. In females, there were coherent changes in plasma 17β‐oestradiol and vitellogenin along with GSI, oocyte maturation and vitellogenic progression, collectively indicating two distinct maturation peaks during the months of September and February. Coinciding with this, in males, plasma 11‐keto testosterone was also noticeably higher during September and February, with highest GSI values in September. However, plasma 17α, 20β‐dihydroxyprogesterone levels in males were found to be persistently high from September to February. This observation suggests the potential presence of matured oozing males over a longer period, unlike in females. Overall, the close association between reproductive hormone levels, GSI and gonadal maturation stages in males and females (particularly, the presence of postovulatory follicle complexes) with apparent natural synchronization clearly indicates that S. richardsonii breeds twice in a year, possibly during late September to early November and late February to early April in the coldwater riverine habitats of the Indian Himalayan region.     

神经介素B及其受体NMBR参与抗A型流感病毒H1N1亚型感染的信号通路

NMB/NMBR通过调节A型流感病毒（IAV/H1N1/PR8）感染诱导的细胞因子表达而参与抗IAV的先天性免疫反应。为探究其发挥抗IAV/H1N1感染的信号通路，本文用PR8和WSN毒株分别感染MLE-12细胞和小鼠，用NF-κB抑制剂BAY11-7028单独或联合NMB处理MLE-12细胞，小鼠后腿肌内注射NMB和NMBRA，采用RT-PCR和qRT-PCR分析NMB、NMBR、IL-6、IFN-α和NP基因表达变化，采用Western blot分析NMB、NMBR、P65/p-P65、IκBα和NP蛋白表达的变化。结果显示，BAY11-7028可促使PR8和WSN感染的MLE-12细胞中NMB、NMBR、IL-6和IFN-α基因表达水平均下降和NP基因表达水平上升，并降低NMB、NMBR和p-P65蛋白表达水平和提升IκBα和NP蛋白表达水平。然而，NMB联合BAY 11-7028诱导PR8或WSN感染后的细胞中IL-6和NP表达出现极显著下降和IFN-α显著上升。此外，NMB抑制PR8和WSN感染的小鼠肺组织内p-P65和NP蛋白表达水平和促进IκBα蛋白表达水平；NMBRA联合NMB抵消NMB对PR8或WSN感染后的这些蛋白表达水平的调节作用。综上表明，NMB/NMBR通过调节PR8和WSN感染的MLE-12细胞和小鼠体内的NF-κB信号通路上P65蛋白磷酸化和IκBα的表达，进而影响下游细胞因子IL-6和IFN-α基因的表达，从而发挥抗IAV/H1N1感染的先天性免疫应答反应。     

Effects of DHRS3 in C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Injury

Myoblast differentiation is an essential process during skeletal muscle development. C2 C12 myoblast is a commonly used experimental model to study muscle cell differentiation in vitro. Dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family) member 3(DHRS3) is a highly conserved member in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of retinol. Previous experimental results showed that the expression of DHRS3 increased significantly during the differentiation of myoblasts differentiation. However, the effect of DHRS3 on mouse muscle cell differentiation was unclear. The objective of current study was to determine if DHRS3 affected muscle cell differentiation, and if DHRS3 was involved in muscle regeneration. Protein expression was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The activation and inhibition of DHRS3 increased and decreased C2 C12 myoblast differentiation respectively, which indicated that DHRS3 could affect C2 C12 myoblast differentiation. DHRS3 expression was significantly changed during muscle regeneration, with the regeneration of muscle injury, the expression of DHRS3 tended to increase first and then decrease. It suggested that DHRS3 might be involved in muscle regeneration. In summary, this study confirmed the involvement of DHRS3 in C2 C12 myoblast differentiation and mouse skeletal muscle regeneration and provided a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of muscle development.     

Characterization of bovine ileal epithelial cell line for lectin binding,susceptibility to enteric pathogens,and TLR mediated immune responses

In this study, primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) were characterized for the expression of surface carbohydrate moieties. Primary BIEC-c4 cells showed staining greater than 90 % for 16 lectins but less than 50 % staining for four lectins. Immortalized BIECs showed significantly different lectin binding profile for few lectins compared to BIEC-c4 cells. BIEC-c4 cells were studied for infectivity to E. coli, Salmonella enterica, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine strain E. coli B41 adhered to BIEC-c4 cells and Salmonella strains S. Dublin and S. Mbandaka showed strong cell invasion. BIEC-c4 cells were susceptible to bovine rotavirus. LPS stimulation upregulated IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 expression and Poly I:C upregulated TLR 8 and TLR 9 expression. This study provides important knowledge on the glycoconjugate expression profile of primary and immortalized BIECs and infectivity and immune responses of primary BIECs to bacterial and viral pathogens or ligands.     

CnAβ基因对大鼠RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒的影响

过敏是人和养殖动物常见的疾病，而且发生的频率呈现逐渐增加的趋势。为了深入了解过敏反应的机制，本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术，构建钙调磷酸酶A beta （calcineurin A beta，CnAβ）基因敲除的大鼠RBL-2H3细胞株，并探讨CnAβ基因对RBL-2H3细胞生长及脱颗粒的影响。选取大鼠CnAβ基因第一外显子为敲除靶点，设计并合成3个单导向RNA （single guide RNA，sgRNA），构建pX459-CnAβ-sgRNA质粒，并用脂质体3000将构建好的质粒转染到RBL-2H3细胞内；利用嘌呤霉素对转染细胞进行筛选，通过DNA测序验证获得CnAβ基因敲除的RBL-2H3细胞株；并检测CnAβ基因缺失对细胞增殖和脱颗粒的影响。结果表明，成功构建了CnAβ单基因敲除的大鼠RBL-2H3细胞株；CnAβ基因缺失对RBL-2H3细胞增殖、细胞的颗粒形成以及颗粒含量无显著影响，但显著抑制由细胞表面受体介导的RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒作用。该研究结果有助于深入了解动物过敏性疾病的发生机制，为动物过敏性疾病的预防提供了理论基础。     

Management of yellow dwarf disease in Europe in a post‐neonicotinoid agriculture

Barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) cause yellow dwarf disease (YDD), which is a continuous risk to cereals production worldwide. These viruses cause leaf yellowing and stunting, resulting in yield reductions of up to 80%. YDVs have been a consistent but low‐level problem in European cereal cultivation for the last three decades, mostly due to the availability of several effective insecticides (largely pyrethroids and more recently neonicotinoids) against aphid vectors. However, this has changed recently, with many insecticides being lost, culminating in a recent European Union (EU) regulation prohibiting outdoor use of the neonicotinoid‐insecticide compounds. This change is coupled with the growing challenge of insecticide‐resistant aphids, the lack of genetic resources against YDVs, and a knowledge deficit around the parameters responsible for the emergence and spread of YDD. This means that economic sustainability of cereal cultivation in several European countries including France and United Kingdom is now again threatened by this aphid‐vectored viral disease. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the YDV pathosystem, describe management options against YDD, analyse the impacts of the neonicotinoid ban in Europe, and consider future strategies to control YDV. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

3株鸽源新城疫病毒的分子特征及对鸽的致病性

2011―2013年在新城疫流行病学调查中分离到3株鸽源新城疫病毒(SDS,SD01和SD02),为了进一步了解其生物学特性和遗传进化规律,对3株病毒进行了测序和生物活性分析,并对分离株SDS对鸽的致病性进行了评价。结果表明,毒株SDS基因组全长为15192 bp,基因排列方式为3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′,3个分离株F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列均为¹¹²RRQKRF¹¹⁷,具有典型的新城疫强毒的分子特征。系统进化分析表明这3个毒株与基因Ⅵ型NDV毒株聚于一簇,属于ClassⅡ系Ⅵb基因型。3个分离株F蛋白的融合肽和七肽重复区,HN蛋白的抗原中和表位存在多处突变,与单克隆抗体1E5、2F10的反应性也发生改变,表明3个分离株与疫苗株LaSota有明显的抗原差异。SDS攻毒试验结果显示,试验鸽自攻毒后5 d出现明显的临床症状,滴鼻组和肌肉注射组的死亡率分别为60%和70%;病死鸽剖检可见脑膜充血出血,腺胃乳头、腺胃肌胃交界及肠道出血,肝脏肿大,脾有淤血斑。滴鼻组在攻毒后5~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔检出排毒,而肌肉注射组在攻毒后3~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔有排毒。     

山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切及其对骨骼肌细胞分化的作用

【目的】快速骨骼肌肌钙蛋白T（fast skeletal troponin T3,TNNT3）作为肌钙蛋白(troponin, Tn)家族成员,调节横纹肌收缩、参与骨骼肌的生长发育并影响家畜肉质性状。通过获得山羊TNNT3基因的可变剪切体,分析山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切的表达模式及其在肌细胞分化中的作用,深入解析TNNT3基因在山羊骨骼肌生长发育过程中的作用机制。【方法】基于NCBI已公布山羊TNNT3基因（NM_001314210.1）和牛TNNT3基因（XM_010821200）mRNA序列,使用软件Primer Premier 6.0设计引物,以简州大耳羊胚胎期和出生后7个阶段骨骼肌为试验材料,克隆测序获得山羊TNNT3基因的CDS区可变剪切体,利用软件ORF Finder、EditSeq、DNAMAN、ClustalW和MEGA_X_10.1.8等对序列进行生物信息学分析;进一步设计实时荧光定量（real-time PCR,RT-qPCR）及半定量引物,研究TNNT3基因剪切体在7个不同组织（背最长肌（longissimus dorsi muscle,LD）、半膜肌（semimembranosus muscle,SM）、心、肝、脾、肺、肾）和7个发育阶段（胚胎期E75、E90、E105和出生后B3、B45、B150、B300）肌肉组织（背最长肌和半膜肌）中表达模式;此外,对转录本TNNT3_3进行体外编码能力检测确定其具有编码蛋白的能力,并在山羊骨骼肌卫星细胞（skeletal muscle satellite cells,MuSCs）中过表达,观察细胞形态变化以及检测标志基因的表达变化,研究其对山羊MuSCs分化的作用。【结果】①TNNT3（NM_001314210.1）CDS区全序列主要含有18个外显子,其中外显子16/17相互排斥,转录后单一表达。克隆发现山羊TNNT3基因 5个新转录本（TNNT3_1—5）,其外显子数分别是15、15、20、16、14。②生物信息学分析结果显示山羊TNNT3基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列与绵羊、牛、猪等哺乳动物具有很高的一致性,而与鱼类和爬行类动物的一致性较低,说明TNNT3基因序列在哺乳动物高度保守。③TNNT3 mRNA在背最长肌、半膜肌、心、肝、脾、肺、肾7个组织中都有表达,其中在骨骼肌中高度富集(P < 0.01),心脏及肺次之,其余组织中较低;TNNT3 mRNA在背最长肌和半膜肌中的表达始终处于一个动态变化中,胚胎期TNNT3在半膜肌的表达量高于背最长肌（P<0.05）;出生后则背最长肌中高于半膜肌（P<0.05）。④山羊TNNT3基因转录本TNNT3_3重复出现保守的外显子9—11（138bp）,体外翻译实验显示其可编码蛋白且蛋白大小与预期基本相符（37 kD）;相较于对照组,在山羊MuSCs中过表达该转录本使肌分化标志基因Myomaker、MyoG和MyH4 mRNA极显著升高(P < 0.01)。【结论】获得了山羊TNNT3基因具有完整CDS区5个新可变剪切体,TNNT3主要在肌肉组织（背最长肌和半膜肌）中高表达,在哺乳动物中高度保守且促进成肌分化。初步表明TNNT3基因在动物肌肉生长发育中具有重要的生物学功能。