不同营养水平补饲对湘东黑山羊肥育羔羊生产性能的影响

采用80只3~4月龄的湘东黑山羊羔羊,研究3种不同营养水平补饲对肥育羔羊日增重、经济效益的影响。分别在冬、春两个季节进行为期2个月的补饲。试验按完全随机单因子设计,每个季节设4个处理,即3个精料补饲组与1个对照组,每个处理10头湘东黑山羊。参考NRC(1981)的山羊饲养标准设计补充饲料配方,每个季节的3个补饲试验组饲粮的精粗比分别按30∶70、40∶60、50∶50确定,平均补饲量依次按100、200、300g/(d.只)。结果表明冬季补饲试验1、2、3组平均日增重分别为62.75、80.00和85.92g,分别比对照组提高42.06%、81.12%、94.52%,差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。春季补饲试验1、2、3组平均日增重分别为85.33、93.50和100.83g,分别比对照组提高38.00%、51.22%、63.08%,差异均为极显著(P<0.01)。从季节对补饲效果来看,冬季的高精料补饲与低精料补饲(精粗比=30∶70)差异显著;春季的精料补饲量对增重影响不大。冬季补饲以精粗料比40∶60为好,春季以30∶70为好。冬季补饲使试验1、2、3组比对照组增加利润分别为5.14、9.23、4.49元/只;春季补饲使试验1、2、3组比对照组增加利润分别为8.97、5.98、2.35元/只。经济效益比较好的补饲量是,冬季187.5g/d,春季154.1g/d。     

小睾丸间性羊鉴别的研究 Ⅱ.血液鼓槌计数、血浆睾酮测定和睾丸组织学检查

本研究证实小睾丸萨能奶山羊有3种类型,即发育一般和发育较差的两种正常公羊,以及一种间性学。间性羊的特征是:血液鼓槌数在正常母羊范围内(3个以上);4月龄血浆睾酮水平接近发育良好的正常公羊值;4月龄睾丸曲细精管萎缩、变性、坏死、无精子发生。认为这三个特征可作为小睾丸间性羊的早期诊断指标。鼓槌计数和精液检查,方法简便而可靠,可在生产中应用。     

影响胃蛋白酶凝乳作用因素的研究

探讨了反应温度、滴定酸度、胃蛋白酶添加量、ＣａＣｌ２加入量等因素对胃蛋白酶凝乳作用的影响规律，确定了用胃蛋白酶生产干酪时的主要工艺参数，反应温度３９℃；滴定酸度２４Ｔ；ＣａＣｌ２加入量０．０１５％；加酶量随酶活而定。     

奶山羊精子体外获能与体外受精

供体用FSH+LH超排,卵母细胞从注LH后约30h回收。将获能精子与10枚卵母细胞在受精液(mDM+输卵管上皮细胞)和培养液(mDM+30％供体羊血清)中连续培养(38℃)24h后,有6枚卵受精,抛出第二极体。将6枚受精卵移植到3只受体中,有1只妊娠,产出1只试管母山羊。初步表明,本试验的奶山羊精子体外获能与体外受精程序是简便而有效的。     

不同因素对羔羊皱胃酶凝乳活性的影响

研究结果表明，羔羊皱胃酶最适凝乳温度为45℃；35℃以上热处理对酶凝乳活性有不同程度的损失，60℃热处理10 min活性完全丧失；pH值为5～8时凝乳活性随乳pH值的降低而增强，酶在pH2.5～7.5之间处理20h凝乳活性稳定；Ca²⁺具有明显的促凝作用；底物浓度对酶活性的影响符合米氏规律。     

Micropropagation of Vegetable Rennet (Withania coagulans [Stocks] Dunal)—A Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Solanaceae), popularly called vegetable rennet, is a critically endangered and highly valued medicinal plant. Overexploitation and reproductive failure forced the plant species toward the verge of complete extinction. We describe here the development of a simple, rapid, and cost effective in vitro micropropagation system for W. coagulans for mass-scale production of true-to-type plantlets using nodal shoot segments. Exactly 95.5 ± 0.34% explants responded within 8–10 days (d) and produced multiple shoot buds (4.1 ± 0.10 shoots of 2.95 ± 0.15 cm length) on 0.8% agar-gelled Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium supplemented with 8.88 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.57 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and additives (100 mg L^?1 L-ascorbic acid, 25 mg L^?1 each citric acid, adenine sulphate, and L-arginine). The shoots in cultures were multiplied by repeated transfer on MS medium with 4.44 μM BAP, 0.57 μM IAA, and additives. Further cultures were multiplied on a large-scale through the subculturing of shoot clumps differentiated in vitro, on MS medium supplemented with 1.11 μM BAP, 0.57 μM IAA, and additives. Maximum number (19.1 ± 0.28) of healthy (6.15 ± 0.25 cm) and viable shoots differentiated on this medium. The microshoots were rooted both in vitro and ex vitro. Exactly 67.3 ± 1.01% microshoots rooted in vitro within 25–30 d on agar-gelled half-strength MS salts supplemented with 29.52 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 200 mg L^?1 of activated charcoal (AC). Alternatively, 73.8 ± 0.65% cloned shoots rooted on sterile soilrite (soilless compost and soil conditioner) under ex vitro conditions after pulse treatment with 2.46 mM IBA for 300 s. The clones of W. coagulans were hardened in a greenhouse within 40–45 d by slow and gradual exposure of plantlets from high relative humidity (RH; 70–80%) and low (26 ± 2°C) temperature to low RH (40–50%) and high (34 ± 2°C) temperature. The hardened plantlets were transferred to soil and stored in agro-net house with more than 90% survival rate. Replacement of pure and laboratory grade sucrose with commercial grade sugar, use of less expensive commercial grade agar-agar in culture medium, higher rate of shoot proliferation, single step ex vitro rooting, and hardening of plantlets in the greenhouse are advantageous features of the protocol. The micropropagation protocol defined here is reproducible, easy to follow, and would be helpful in large-scale restoration programs through true-to-type mass-multiplication of W. coagulans.     

Performance and blood parameters when lambs and meat‐goat kids were finished on pasture with and without whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) supplementation

We evaluated forage production patterns, weight gains and blood parameters when lambs (Ovis aries) and meat‐goat (Caprus hircus) kids were finished on a mixed sward of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with (SUP) and without (UNSUP) supplemental whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum; WCS) in a replicated study. Botanical composition and energy/protein ratios of the sward varied with year and with time during the growing season. Swards had greater amounts of red clover relatively early and more cocksfoot later in the season. Suffolk (SX) lambs had the heaviest body weights, Katahdin (KA) lambs were intermediate, and meat‐goat (GX) kids were the lightest at the end of each year. Overall body weight gain followed a trend of SX > KA > GX, and WCS supplementation increased weight gain for all animals by 18%. Only in 2008 did SUP animals have higher blood urea nitrogen levels, which may indicate less efficient use of dietary nitrogen when grazing grass–legume pastures managed for high nutritive value compared with UNSUP animals. Gossypol in WCS did not affect blood packed cell volume between SUP and UNSUP lambs and meat‐goat kids. Suffolk lambs, Katahdin lambs and cross‐bred Boer meat‐goat kids finished on pasture with and without WCS supplementation produced desirable body weights for most ethnic markets in the USA.     

不同凝乳酶加工的羊奶干酪成熟期微生物变化

以西农莎能奶山羊的新鲜奶为原料 ,用微生物酶、牛皱胃酶和胃蛋白酶等 3种凝乳酶加工硬质干酪 ,检测其不同成熟期细菌总数、乳酸菌、大肠菌群、酵母和霉菌含量的变化 ,并对不同成熟期间的干酪进行感官综合评定。结果表明 ,微生物酶加工的干酪 ,在成熟第 60天其品质达到优良 ,而另 2种凝乳酶加工的干酪 ,在成熟第 90天其品质可定为优良。数据统计分析表明 ,不同凝乳酶加工的干酪 ,在其成熟期间各种微生物变化规律以及干酪品质明显不一致 ,并且干酪品质与微生物的数量和种类密切相关     

Effects of exposure to artificial long days on milk yield,maternal insulin‐like growth factor 1 levels and kid growth rate in subtropical goats

This study was designed to determine whether any relationship exists between exposure to artificial long days, milk yield, maternal plasma insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) levels, and kid growth rate in goats. One group of lactating goats was maintained under naturally decreasing day length (control group; n = 19), while in another one, they were kept under artificial long days (LD group; n = 19). Milk yield was higher in goats from the LD group than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Maternal IGF‐1 levels at day 57 of lactation were higher (P < 0.05) in goats from the LD group than the levels in the control group and were positively correlated with the total milk yields per goat at days 43 and 57 of lactation (r = 0.77 and r = 0.84, respectively; P < 0.01). Daily weight gain at week 4 was higher (P < 0.01) in kids from the LD group than that in kids from the control group and was correlated with total and average IGF‐1 maternal levels (r = 0.60 and r = 0.60, P < 0.05). It was concluded that submitting lactating goats to artificial long days increases milk yield, plasma IGF‐1 maternal levels and the growth rate of the kids.     

利用超声处理提取皱胃酶的试验研究

以1～2周龄小牛皱胃为原料，利用超声提取法研究了超声强度、提取时间、提取液NaCl浓度、皱胃与提取液比例以及提取液pH值对皱胃酶(rennet)提取活性的影响。试验结果表明，与传统提取法相比较，超声提取法可显著缩短提取时间和提高皱胃酶的活性，其最佳工艺参数为：超声强度40 W/cm²，提取时间70 min，提取液NaCl浓度10%，提取液pH值5.0；皱胃与提取液比例为1∶20。