Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

不同生育阶段燕麦对干旱胁迫的响应

设中度干旱(MD,土壤田间最大持水量的55±5%)、重度干旱(SD,土壤田间最大持水量的35±5%)两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对温室盆栽燕麦不同生育阶段(苗期、分蘖期、拔节期)的生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数以及根系形态的影响。结果表明,与正常供水(CK)相比,干旱胁迫处理均显著(P<0.05)降低了燕麦苗期、分蘖期、拔节期3个生育阶段地上部生物量、株高以及叶片光合荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。干旱胁迫下,燕麦根系表现出明显的形态可塑性,苗期通过增加根长、分支数和细根数(直径≤0.48mm)来响应干旱胁迫,分蘖期主要通过减少根长、分支数来响应干旱胁迫,拔节期主要通过减缓各级根系的生长并增加根的分级数来响应干旱胁迫。     

罗氏沼虾细胞色素P450家族CYP302a1基因克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达

蜕皮是甲壳动物重要的生理活动,与其蜕皮激素的合成密切相关,细胞色素P450(CYP)302a1是甲壳动物蜕皮激素合成通路中的关键酶之一。本研究克隆了罗氏沼虾CYP302a1基因(Mr-CYP302a1),cDNA全长1859 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1629 bp,编码543个氨基酸(aa),分子量大小为61.09 ku,等电点为8.42。氨基酸序列分析显示CYP302a1基因的保守结构域含有5个P450基因家族特征保守区域:heme-binding、helix-K、helixC、helix-I及PERF。系统进化分析结果显示Mr-CYP302a1首先与绿虾CYP302a1聚为一支,然后与凡纳滨对虾及三疣梭子蟹等十足目甲壳动物的CYP302a1聚为一支,与甲壳动物的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1在罗氏沼虾的多个组织中均有表达,其中在Y器官中的表达量最高,性腺中次之。同时研究发现,MrCYP302a1基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮后期(A期和B期)表达量很低,蜕皮间期(C期)表达量开始上升,在蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。对Mr-CYP302a1进行蛋白表达及多克隆抗体制备,蛋白印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1蛋白在罗氏沼虾Y器官中的表达量最高,在蜕皮过程中的蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。综上所述,该基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。     

甘蓝型油菜种子萌发期耐铝毒特性综合评价及其种质筛选

种子萌发是油菜植株形态建成的重要阶段,铝毒是酸性土壤中影响其种子萌发的主要因素之一,因此筛选出种子萌发过程中耐铝毒种质对油菜生产及研究具有重要意义。本研究利用5份甘蓝型油菜品种(系)筛选出油菜萌发期耐铝毒种质资源处理的适宜胁迫浓度为90μg mL~(-1)。并以该浓度处理148份甘蓝型油菜品种(系)种子,于萌发期测定其发芽势、发芽率、鲜重、干重、根长和芽长等指标,通过铝毒胁迫耐性综合评价值(A值)、平均隶属函数值(ASF值)、对铝毒加权耐性系数(WAC值)、相关性、频数、主成分、灰色关联度、聚类和逐步回归分析等鉴定萌发期耐铝性,建立萌发期对铝毒耐性综合评价模型并筛选出适宜的评价鉴定指标。结果表明, 148份甘蓝型油菜的萌发期各指标在品种(系)间存在显著差异;筛选出萌发期耐铝毒甘蓝型油菜品种(系) 01188、WH-20、A109、甲预31棚等。根据灰色关联度及回归分析结果认为,在油菜萌发期测定其根长、芽长、鲜重、发芽率和发芽势,通过回归方程估算其A值,可以初步判断甘蓝型油菜种质的耐铝毒特性。     

利用SOM聚类分析及主成分分析方法鉴定小麦品种萌发期耐盐性

为了研究不同小麦品种萌发期的耐盐性,为小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定提供快速、准确的鉴定方法和理论依据。本研究以40个冬小麦品种为试验材料,通过主成分分析法(PCA)与神经网络自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析法,研究盐胁迫对40个小麦品种萌发期各项形态指标的影响。主成分分析法结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长及胚芽鞘长在PCA下载荷量最大;根据SOM聚类分析结果,‘德抗961’等4个小麦品种属于高度耐盐品种,‘济麦22’等14个小麦品种属于耐盐性品种,‘济麦20’等16个品种属于中等耐盐性品种,‘鲁麦21’等6个小麦品种属于盐敏感性品种。发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长、胚芽鞘长能够作为萌发期小麦耐盐性筛选的主要评价指标,并且结合主成分、SOM聚类分析方法进行小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定更为科学、方便。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.     

Integrated Evaluation and the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Semi-Wild Cotton under Complex Salt-Alkali Stress

[Objective] The genetic diversity of semi-wild cotton was abundant, so more new elite resistant genes could be found and applied to improve the resistance of cotton. The aim of this study was to primarily study on the regulation of response to salt-alkali stress, explore the method of integrated evaluation and characterize the resistance of semi-wild cotton. [Method] Four semi-wild and two cultivated Gossypium hirsutum accessions were evaluated for phonotypical, physiological and biochemical traits under alkali-salt versus normal conditions in hydroponic solutions. The alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal component analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, grey rational analysis and analysis of variance. [Result] On the basis of the overall results, the alkali-salt stress tolerance of the six accessions was ranked as: Marie-galante85 > Latifolium32 > CRI16 > CRI12 > Latifolium40 > Latifolium130. Roots were found to be the most important responsive systems to complex alkali-salt stress. At seedling growth stage, the active scavenging system played a crucial role in response to alkali-salt stress. In addition, the salt tolerant and salt sensitive accessions showed different response tends towards leaf peroxidase, root ascorbate peroxidase and root catalase within 48 h, suggesting the accessions have different levels of response to salt stress. [Conclusion]Our study identified the most alkali-salt tolerant accessions and provided basic concept of complex alkali-salt tolerance mechanism within cotton accessions. And, our study provided a simple and rapid, highly accurate and precise method for evaluating salt resistance of cotton, and proved that the balance of ROS system play an important role in response to salt-alkali stress. Hence, mining of salt tolerant genes from these accessions may facilitate the development of novel salt tolerant variety.     

Conservation needs for the endangered New Zealand sea lion,Phocarctos hookeri

1. Understanding population size and trend is critical information in species management and conservation. To enable accurate population trend estimates, consistent robust monitoring of a species is essential, particularly for a species such as the New Zealand (NZ) sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri , which has experienced an almost continuous decline in pup production since the late 1990s.
2. This research examines the pup production estimates for all known breeding sites for this species, and using a stage‐structured matrix population model, estimates population size and trend between 1995 and 2015.
3. Overall, it is estimated that 2,316 pups were born in 2015, a decrease of 13% since 1995 and a 27% decline since the highest pup production estimate in 1998. This decline has been driven by the significant decline of 48% at the main breeding area, the Auckland Islands since 1998.
4. Using the stage‐structured matrix population model a total species population size of 11,767 sea lions (95% CrI: 10,790–12,923) was estimated. This is the lowest population size of any sea lion species. Trend data for the Auckland Islands indicated that pup and population numbers have decreased at 1.9% yr^?1 in the last 20 yr, while total species population decline is 0.6% yr^?1.
5. Estimates of population trends for this species have been hindered by inconsistent monitoring at most breeding sites. This study strengthens the growing field of research highlighting the need for consistent long‐term monitoring for the conservation management of endangered species.

     

花前氮亏缺对水稻叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响

以籼型杂交稻中浙优1号和籼粳型杂交稻甬优12为材料,试验分析了花前不同时期氮亏缺处理对水稻叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明,花前氮亏缺导致植株上3叶氮浓度、NR、GS、GOGAT、GOT和GPT酶活性大幅下降,GDH活性显著增长,且各叶位对花前氮亏缺敏感度总体上表现为剑叶倒2叶倒3叶;破口期亏氮对籼型杂交稻中浙优1号上3叶氮同化酶活性的影响远小于减数分裂期处理,与之相比,籼粳杂交稻甬优12对破口期亏氮胁迫仍较敏感,表明中浙优1号植株氮代谢酶的亏氮敏感性由减数分裂期至破口期逐步下降,对土壤速效氮的需求同步降低,甬优12则对土壤供氮存在更高需求。     

气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展

水稻生产系统是响应气候变化最敏感的农业生态系统之一,本文综述了当前和未来气候变化对我国水稻生产的影响。气候变化背景下,我国水稻生长季的热量资源增多,辐射资源减少,降水不均一性加大。高温热害、干旱、暴雨和洪涝灾害发生更频繁,这可能降低水、热资源的有效性。气候变化使我国单季稻和双季稻潜在种植边界显著北移,导致单季稻、早稻和晚稻的主要生育期缩短。基于统计模型和水稻生长模型的研究结果表明,如果不考虑品种改良和栽培技术的进步,气候变化使单季稻、早稻和晚稻产量下降,但不同稻作区和方法间存在差异。我国水稻生产重心北移、实测生育期延长和产量增加的变化趋势,反映了水稻生产系统通过种植分布调整、品种改良和技术改进来适应气候变化的能力。未来气候变化将进一步导致水稻生育期缩短和产量下降,对我国水稻生产和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。仍需加强气候变化影响机制的研究及其在影响评估中的应用,减小影响评估的不确定性并增加其系统性,为制定有效的应对策略提供可靠的理论支持。