Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

河南省农用地集约利用影响因素计量分析——基于遗传算法-BP神经网络、广义脉冲响应函数的实证研究

基于河南省1978—2012年相关时间序列数据,构建遗传算法-BP神经网络模型,对研究期间河南省农用地集约利用水平进行测算。在此基础上,应用协整理论、误差修正模型、广义脉冲响应函数和方差分解,研究了河南省农用地集约利用与其影响因素的动态响应关系。结果表明,农用地集约利用综合指数和农民人均收入、农业总产值、人均耕地、政策法规存在长期均衡关系;农民人均收入、农业总产值和政策法规对农用地集约利用推动作用长期内更为显著;农民人均收入和政策法规是农用地集约利用预测方差的主要来源,总贡献保持在52%以上,而农业总产值和人均耕地对农用地集约利用预测方差的贡献不足14%。从整体看,河南省农民人均收入和政策法规是影响农用地集约利用的主要因素。最后根据研究结论提出了相关政策建议。     

诺氟沙星在淡水青虾体内药物代谢动力学研究

在（26±1）℃的水温条件下,青虾一次性肌肉注射25mg／kg诺氟沙星后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定青虾血淋巴和肌肉组织中诺氟沙星含量。青虾血淋巴药一时曲线和肌肉药一时曲线均可以用二室开放模型来描述,诺氟沙星在青虾血淋巴液中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/α为1．66h,消除相半衰期t1/β为1．69h,达峰时间T（Peak）为1．82h,峰浓度C（max）为6．0081μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为30．75μg·mL^-1·h^-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2ka为1．66h。肌肉中的主要药动学参数为：分布相半衰期t1/ks为0．08h,消除相半衰期t1/2β为4．42h,达峰时间狄Peak）为0．03h,峰浓度C（max）为16．72μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为12．34μg·mL^-1·h^-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2a为0．08h。结果表明青虾肌注诺氟沙星后,能比较迅速的被吸收,并且在组织中维持较高的药物浓度。     

虾类加工副产物制备虾青素的研究进展

文章介绍了从虾类加工副产物中提取和纯化虾青素的工艺技术.比较了不同前处理方式对虾青素提取效率的影响,并概括了高效液相色谱法和柱层析法纯化虾青素的相关技术.为天然虾青素的规模化生产提供理论依据.     

Toxicity of chlorine to different sizes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in low-salinity shrimp pond water

An experiment was conducted, in a dark room with controlled temperature (27.3–28.4 °C), to determine the acute toxicity of chlorine concentration to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon fabicus) of sizes 0.02 g, 2.75 g, 8.47 g and 23.65 g. Toxicity tests on each of these shrimp sizes were run in triplicate in glass jars under static conditions without media renewal. The concentration of active chlorine that killed 50% of the shrimp of each size after 24‐h exposure (LC₅₀‐24 h) was used as an indicator of acute toxicity. Chlorine concentrations applied in the shrimp toxicity test ranged from 2.0 to 14.5 mg L^?1 in shrimp pond water. As the test water contained total suspended solids of 22.0–85.0 mg L^?1 and total ammonia nitrogen of 0.18–0.40 mg L^?1, the resultant concentrations of combined residual chlorine ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mg L^?1, which were the effective doses causing shrimp mortality. The test results showed that 24‐h LC₅₀ for average shrimp size at 0.02, 2.75, 8.47 and 23.65 g occurred in water containing combined residual chlorine at a concentration of 0.91, 1.39, 1.74 and 1.98 mg L^?1, for which the original application doses were 6.96, 2.05 11.50 and 13.34 mg L^?1 respectively.     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

凡纳滨对虾虾头自溶动力学

研究了温度、pH和底物浓度等对凡纳滨对虾虾头自溶过程的影响,以及自溶产物随自溶时间的变化规律:0～5h内自溶反应产物的溶出遵循一级反应速度方程:Y=39.496e-0.3913x,KP=-1.1464Y+59.506,Pe=-0.7167Y+32.551;溶出总蛋白和5000u以下自溶产物及残余蛋白之间存在很好的线性相关性;自溶过程中,温度、pH、固液比是影响自溶速率常数(Ka)的重要因素。自溶过程中,40～50℃温度范围内,Ka值随温度的升高而增大,50℃时Ka值达最大值,50～60℃,Ka值随温度的升高而减少;pH与固液比对Ka的影响不呈规律性,在pH9、固液比1∶3时Ka值分别达最大值。利用自溶速率常数的对数与绝对温度的倒数建立了Arrhenius方程LnKa=-13654/Tk+41.353,经此方程验证了所建立自溶动力学方程的有效性。在自溶初始阶段(0～1h),5000u以上自溶产物占较大比例,为58%,自溶2～3h5000u以下产物的比例增幅较快,3h时5000u以下产物达66.8%,自溶4～5h后5000u以下产物增加趋缓,为71.47%。自溶过程中,从0h到5h,大部分脂肪族氨基酸溶出2～8倍...     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

Relationship Between Dietary Protein Source and Feeding Frequency During Feeding Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Cultured in Concrete Tanks

ABSTRACT

A 24-week feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) with an average initial weight and length of 50.87 ± 6.03 g and 14.4 ± 0.45 cm, respectively, to examine the effect of two protein sources and two feeding frequencies on growth performance, production traits, and body composition. Twelve 4 m³ concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1.25 m, long, width, and height) were each stocked with 100 fish and fed diets containing either fish meal protein or soybean meal protein at two feeding frequency of two times daily or four times daily (2 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment). The results revealed that there was no significant effect of dietary protein sources on growth rate, whereas there was a significant increase in growth rate with increasing feeding frequency (P < 0.05). The same trend was also observed for mean body weight (g), production rate (kg/m3), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1). The best final mean body weight (g), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1), and production rate (kg/m3) were recorded in groups of fish fed with feeding frequency four times daily. Whole fish moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents were significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.05) by protein sources and feeding frequency, except protein not influenced with feeding frequency. Energy was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by feeding frequency, but not by dietary protein sources. Economic evaluation indicated that soybean meal (Diet B) at four times feeding daily was the most cost-effective and affordable feed strategy for farmers. We conclude that a soybean diet fed four times daily is recommended for adult Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks.