Insemination with Stallion Semen Frozen in 0,5 ml Straws

Contents: An insemination trial using frozen semen is described. The freezing procedure was slightly modified from the Hannover method. The insemination dose consisted of 7 medium straws containing approx 1 10⁹ spermatozoa. A total of 28 mares of the Norwegian Trotter breed were inseminated during the 1991 season. During oestrus the mares were examined at 12 hour intervals, and the insemination was carried out after detection of ovulation. The pregnancy rate was 43% after the first insemination, increased to 68% after second and further to 75% after the third and last insemination. The foaling rate was 61.5%.     

Deep Freezing of Boar Semen Packaged in Plastic Bags and Straws

For practical reasons, a large volume (i.e. 5 ml) of frozen boar semen per insemination dose is desirable, but successful freezing has not been achieved, since optimal cooling rates have not yet been established. Post-thaw motility and the acrosome intep'ty of semen from four boars frozen with a programmable freezin machine, in mini-(0.25 ml), maxi-(5 ml) plastic straws and in 10 × 5 cm PVC- or Teflon FEP-plastic bags (0.35 – 0.12 mm thick, 5 ml) was studied. The freezing of the semen was monitored using thermocouples placed in the straws and the bags. The freezing curve started from +5°C, at a rate of −3°C/min, to – 6°C, it was held for 1 min at −6°C, and was followed by further drop to −100°C at a rate of −20°C/min, with subsequent storage in LN₂. The bags had a much shorter freezing point plnteau, compared to the maxi-straws. Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher when semen was frozen in mini-straws or in bags than in maxi-straws. The freezing procedure did not cause major acrosomal damages, significantly more normal apical ridges being present in the bags and mini-straws than in the maxi-straws. This in vitro evaluation indicates that the freezing method employed is satisfactory for freezing large volumes of boar semen into plastic bags .     

宣城市农作物秸秆资源利用现状与对策

宣城市目前秸秆资源的主要利用方式是还田,综合利用总量达82.4万t,占秸秆资源总量的74.4%左右。各地区也结合实际情况,探索出了多种适宜本地区特点的秸秆资源利用模式。该文在调查分析宣城市秸秆资源和利用现状的基础上,针对存在问题,提出秸秆还田的有效模式及对策和措施,如项目支持、科技攻关、示范推广等,进一步提高秸秆资源的利用效率。     

洛阳市饲料青贮质量的调查报告

饲料青贮质量的高低直接影响奶牛的产奶量及奶品质量。笔者1999年元月对洛阳市ll家奶牛场饲料青贮质量进行了调查,结果表明：各奶牛场青贮饲料的品质大致可分为优、良、差三个等级;霉变损失比例低的仅为3．6％,高的达95％,按全市青贮总量计平均霉变率为18．4％。分析提出了洛阳市饲料青贮存在的问题及对策。     

热棒位置与热棒效果关系的研究

热棒主要是在冬季将地下的热通过热棒导向大气,使冻土范围和冻土上限都变大,这样使冻土路基更加稳定.由于热棒只能影响一定的区域,所以热棒的埋设位置对热棒保护路基土有很大的影响,本文通过MRDT600温度监测系统对埋设直插型热棒的试验路路基与埋设了斜插型热棒的试验路路基进行温度监测.通过对监测的温度数据进行分析和对比,总结直棒、斜棒与L型热棒在保护冻土路基方面的优缺点.     

沼液一体化综合处理与循环利用工艺

沼液过滤膜浓缩作为沼液处理的一个新方向,得到了广泛关注。该文将可堆肥处理的生物质材料秸秆作为滤料引入沼液的预处理,并对沼液过滤、膜浓缩及秸秆滤料堆肥效果进行了整体研究。研究结果表明,经过秸秆、火山岩、石英砂依次过滤后,可以去除沼液中95%以上的悬浮物,过滤后的秸秆经过简单晾晒,在含水率为75%的情况下,可以正常升温堆肥,高温期可以持续10 d,经过28 d堆置后基本达到腐熟要求,堆肥产品总养分含量接近5%,但含水率下降不明显。经过预处理的沼液进行超滤和纳滤之后,营养物质含量得到不同程度的提升,和未处理的原液相比,氮磷钾含量分别提升了2.6倍、1.9倍和4.5倍,Mg和Fe的浓缩倍数均达到10以上,氨基酸浓度提高了8.8倍,而且纳滤产生的透过液基本可以达到农田灌溉水水质标准。该研究结果为沼液的处理利用提供了参考。     

西藏地区不同作物秸秆体外发酵特性研究

本试验旨在利用体外产气法评定西藏地区不同作物秸秆的营养价值。选取西藏地区5种常见作物秸秆(豌豆秸秆、玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆),通过单因素试验设计,利用体外产气法评定5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量、理论最大产气量(Vf)、甲烷(CH4)产量、逻辑斯谛-指数(LE)模型产气参数、发酵液p H和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、主要挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量、体外干物质降解率(IVDMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)等指标。结果显示:5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量按玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、豌豆秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的顺序依次降低。体外发酵48 h后,玉米秸秆的Vf、IVDMD、IVNDFD、CH4产量(豌豆秸秆除外)、丙酸和总VFA产量均显著高于其他4种作物秸秆(P0.05),其体外发酵液p H则显著低于其他秸秆(P0.05)。结果表明,玉米秸秆体外发酵效果最佳,与其他试验作物秸秆相比更容易被瘤胃微生物降解利用。     

污灌区作物根与秸秆不同处置的重金属健康风险评价

为了评估污灌区作物秸秆不同处理方式的重金属健康风险,以天津污灌区为例,估算了该污灌区3类农作物根和秸秆中的Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn总量及其分布特征,采用健康风险评价模型对根和秸秆采取直接还田、燃用、直接还田+燃用处置可能引起的重金属健康风险进行评价。结果表明：作物中重金属的分布格局为“根多茎少”;还田处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为6.08×10-9和1.95×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.01×10-5和6.45×10-6,不会造成健康伤害;燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.89×10-8和4.67×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为1.76×10-3和9.43×10-4,还田+燃用处置对儿童和成人造成的累积致癌风险值分别为2.05×10-8和4.28×10-8,非致癌风险值分别为8.88×10-4和3.78×10-4,这2种处置对儿童和成人造成的非致癌性健康风险是不可接受的。污灌区作物初级废弃物由于重金属总量大,在进行处置时,应优先考虑还田,其次谨慎考虑燃用,为农业固体废弃物管理提供了科学依据。     

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

秸秆还田对土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性动态变化的影响

通过旱田试验研究了冬小麦生长期内,秸秆还田与肥料配施对土壤脱氢酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性动态变化的影响.结果表明,土壤脱氢酶活性在冬小麦生长期内波动较大,出现多个峰值;秸秆还田和厩肥的施入均能显著提高土壤脱氢酶活性.在冬小麦生长后期,尿素能显著提高土壤脱氢酶活性,而过磷酸钙的施入一定程度上降低了土壤脱氢酶活性.土壤多酚氧化酶活性表现为在冬小麦生长前期和中期活性较低,4、5月份活性迅速升高,出现高峰值,随后在收获期迅速降低;秸秆还田和过磷酸钙对土壤多酚氧化酶活性的影响不显著.在冬小麦生长中期,厩肥和尿素对土壤多酚氧化酶活性有一定的抑制作用,在冬小麦生长旺盛期,厩肥和尿素对多酚氧化酶活性的抑制作用不明显.