无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。     

氢氧化镁对水质、底质改良的研究与应用

近年,沿海各地区水产养殖业发展迅速。由于内湾海区海水循环交换能力较弱,黑臭底泥的长期堆积,导致养殖水体水质和底质进一步恶化,然而这种问题普遍存在于封闭式或半封闭式水域环境中。对此,氢氧化镁作为水质、底质改良剂被应用于水环境的治理。本文概述了氢氧化镁的作用机理,包括氢氧化镁与悬浮颗粒物的静电、对氮磷的降解及对硫化氢的降解等作用;同时介绍了氢氧化镁在海水养殖场、淡水湖泊和水库、水华防控、赤潮防控及废水处理中的研究与应用;展望了氢氧化镁和纳米级氢氧化镁在水体环境领域的应用前景。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

长期施肥处理对双季晚稻叶绿素荧光特征及籽粒产量的影响

研究施肥模式对水稻叶绿素含量及荧光参数的调节作用,对提高水稻光能利用效率及籽粒产量具有重要意义。本研究以水稻品种赣929为试验材料,比较长期定位施磷钾肥(PK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%氮磷钾肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%氮磷钾肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%氮磷钾肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)条件下水稻叶绿素荧光参数和产量变化特征。结果表明,水稻旗叶叶绿素含量从齐穗期到成熟期呈下降趋势,且表现为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKPK。水稻叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm随水稻生育期的推进呈降低趋势,其中PK处理Fv/Fm值最低,而施氮处理比不施氮处理Fv/Fm值增加了2.85%～4.18%。叶绿素荧光参数qL、ΦPSII在NPK处理中表现为齐穗期较高, 20 d之后显著降低;在50F+50M、30F+70M处理中表现为齐穗期较低, 20 d以后显著增加;在PK处理、70F+30M处理中一直处于较高水平。NPQ变化趋势与qL基本相反。ETR-PAR光响应曲线拟合结果表明, 70F+30M处理ETRmax、?和Ek值在齐穗期和20 d后值均最高。综合看来,等养分条件下配施30%有机肥具有最优的叶绿素荧光指标组合及籽粒产量;而配施超过50%有机肥由于前期热耗散增大使得用于光合作用的光能份额减少,而施用氮磷钾肥处理则由于后期的衰老使得光能利用效率下降。     

饲料中无机元素分析方法研究进展

饲料中所含的无机元素对动物生长具有重要意义。在饲料中过量添加无机元素会导致环境污染问题,也会通过食物链最终危害消费者的身体健康,因此,对饲料产品中的无机元素进行检测和动态监控尤为重要。综述了近年来饲料中无机元素含量检测主要应用的前处理方法及其含量检测技术,分析了不同前处理方法和含量检测技术的优点和不足,以期为饲料中无机元素分析方法的科学、合理应用提供参考。     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

黄河口生态恢复工程对湿地土壤不同形态无机硫动态变化的影响

选择黄河口生态恢复前后的未恢复区（R₀）、2007年恢复区（R₂₀₀₇）和2002年恢复区（R₂₀₀₂）的芦苇湿地为研究对象，探讨了生态恢复工程对生长季湿地土壤无机硫形态变化的影响。结果表明，生态恢复工程不同程度地改变了湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量。相对于R₀，R₂₀₀₂和R₂₀₀₇土壤中的水溶性硫（H₂O—S）含量分别降低46.7%和44.7%，吸附性硫（Adsorbed—S）和盐酸可溶性硫（HCl—Soluble—S）含量分别增加0.4%，116.0%和50.1%，29.1%，而盐酸挥发性硫（HCl—Volatile—S）含量在R₂₀₀₂下降8.0%，在R₂₀₀₇增加19.7%。不同恢复阶段湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量在生长季呈不同的变化特征，这一方面与不同湿地植物生长节律以及地上与地下之间的硫养分供给关系密切相关；另一方面则与不同生态补水方式导致的环境因子，尤其是pH、EC和氮养分的变化有关。随着恢复年限的增加，湿地土壤的总无机硫（TIS）含量以及其占全硫（TS）含量的比例均呈降低趋势。湿地土壤的TIS储量整体随恢复年限的增加而降低，而这种降低主要取决于H₂O—S、Adsorbed—S和HCl—Soluble—S的贡献，且以H₂O—S占优（78%~80%）。研究发现，随着黄河口湿地的逐渐恢复以及每年冬季芦苇收割活动的进行，恢复湿地土壤中的无机硫养分逐渐趋于缺乏状态，长期来看将不利于维持湿地的稳定与健康。     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

沉积物中生物活性磷赋存形态对耗氧有机物的响应

[目的] 本研究为验证耗氧有机物影响沉积物中生物活性磷的赋存形态的假说。[方法]以葡萄糖代替耗氧有机物，将沉积物暴露于耗氧有机物30天。[结果表明] 不充气时，葡萄糖浓度0、2、4、8 mg/L下的表层沉积物Ex-P含量为0.02±0.01、0.02±0.01、0.03±0.01、0.02±0.01 μmol/g；充气时，相应葡萄糖浓度下的表层沉积物Ex-P含量为0.03±0.00、0.03±0.01、0.03±0.01和0.06±0.02μmol/g，葡萄糖浓度8mg/L下的Ex-P含量高于葡萄糖浓度0mg/L下的（P< 5%）。不充气时，葡萄糖浓度0、2、4和8mg/L 下的表层沉积物IP含量为0.96±0.42、0.74±0.29、0.97±0.78和0.88±0.22μmol/g；充气时，相应葡萄糖浓度下的表层沉积物IP含量为0.37±0.10、0.46±0.16、0.41±0.06和0.69±0.05μmol/g，葡萄糖浓度8mg/L下的IP含量高于葡萄糖浓度0mg/L下的（P< 5%）。[结论]耗氧有机物对沉积物中生物活性磷有双重阈值作用。     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.