Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

不同侵染时期对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON积累的影响

为明确不同侵染时期对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON的积累情况,在2015年和2016年于河南省焦作市温县黄庄镇西虢村田间进行小麦(‘豫保1号’和‘周麦18’)不同生育期接种对病穗率、病情指数、病粒率和籽粒中DON毒素积累的影响试验。结果表明:小麦赤霉病菌在抽穗盛期(DAA=-6,Zadoks=55～57)至灌浆中期(DAA=14或15,Zadoks=75)都能侵染麦穗,但在始花期前3～4 d的齐穗期(DAA=-3或-4,Zadoks=59)至始花期后4 d的灌浆初期(DAA=4,Zadoks=71)处理的病穗率、病情指数和病粒率显著高于其他处理(P0.05),其中盛花末期(DAA=1,Zadoks=69)处理的侵染率最高,为小麦赤霉病菌侵染发病的关键生育期。此外,在套袋保湿2 d的条件下赤霉病菌在小麦始花期前6 d的抽穗盛期(DAA=-6,Zadoks=55～57)和始花期后10 d的乳熟期(DAA=10,Zadoks=73)也能有较高的侵染率。在籽粒中DON积累方面,‘豫保1号’所有处理的籽粒中DON含量与病穗率、病情指数和病粒率的趋势一致,都是盛花末期(DAA=1,Zadoks=69)处理的籽粒中DON含量最高(P0.05),且间隔时间离盛花末期(Zadoks=69)越近籽粒中DON含量越高;而‘周麦18’齐穗期(DAA=-4,Zadoks=59)至灌浆中期(DAA=14,Zadoks=75)处理的没有显著性差异,说明小麦赤霉病菌在始花期后14 d的灌浆中期侵染也能引起籽粒中DON的大量积累。     

Field survey,isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with a Mediterranean‐type tree species

Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of southwestern Australia, is suffering decline and mortality associated with a canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of C. calophylla, and a hypothesis is that Phytophthora root infection is predisposing C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen. Field surveys were conducted in both anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed C. calophylla stands, from where a total of 100 rhizosphere soil samples, from both healthy and cankered trees, were collected. Phytophthora species were isolated from 26% of the samples collected, with Phytophthora incidence significantly higher on disturbed stands than in natural forests (73% and 27%, respectively). Five Phytophthora species were recovered, including P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis. Under‐bark inoculations with the Phytophthora isolates caused significant lesion lengths in excised C. calophylla stems. Corymbia calophylla response to pot infestation trials in the glasshouse varied between Phytophthora species and isolates, with isolates of P. cinnamomi and P. multivora causing a significant reduction in seedling root volume and often leading to seedling death. This study demonstrates that root disease caused by Phytophthora species, especially P. cinnamomi and P. multivora, has the ability to adversely affect C. calophylla health. This study leads the way to do a dual inoculation trial with the canker pathogen Q. coyrecup, and different Phytophthora species to investigate if Phytophthora root infection predisposes C. calophylla to this canker disease.     

华山新麦草易位系抗黄矮病的鉴定

小麦黄矮病在田间由麦蚜传播大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)感染引起。为给优质抗BYDV小麦新品种提供重要种质资源,采用堆测法种植材料,利用饲毒蚜虫接种病毒BYDV-GAV的方式,对27份华山新麦草易位系材料进行了抗病性鉴定,比较了接种病毒后各材料的病情指数及其千粒重。结果表明,27份华山新麦草易位系中,5份材料的病情指数介于13.56～18.89,表现为抗BYDV-GAV;9份材料的病情指数是介于27.78～48.89,表现为感BYDV-GAV;其余13份材料的病情指数均大于50.0,表现高感BYDV-GAV。不同华山新麦草易位系对BYDV-GAV抗性差异较大,筛选出的5份抗黄矮病材料可为培育优质抗病毒新品种提供重要种质资源。     

外植体不同长度及接种方式对马尾松愈伤组织诱导的影响

为研究外植体不同长度及接种方式对马尾松愈伤组织诱导率的影响,将马尾松的外植体按照长度与接种方式的不同分别将其分组,比较组间差异。结果表明:外植体最佳接种长度为0.1~0.2 cm,愈伤组织细胞在切口处大量增殖和生长,外植体全部分化成愈伤组织,愈伤组织诱导率高达84.00%,几乎没有褐化和污染现象发生;外植体最佳接种方式为竖直接种,竖直接种的外植体愈伤组织形成较早,且褐化和污染程度较低。     

非亲和性稻瘟病菌对水稻的诱导抗性

为研究稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae不同菌株间的相互作用,选择与单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M （携带抗性基因Pi5）表现为亲和性的菌株HN52与非亲和性的菌株HN119为研究对象,将其单独或混合接种到单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中,并通过荧光显微镜观察接种后水稻叶鞘的发病情况及病斑面积,测定接种后水稻内相关抗性基因OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10、OsMAPK2的表达量以及活性氧的变化。结果显示,相较于单独接种亲和性菌株,混合接种后单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M病斑发病面积减少;混合接种中亲和性菌株HN52菌丝侵染能力降低,侵染菌丝细胞间扩展率显著降低73.13%;同时单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10和OsMAPK2抗性基因表达量显著增加,水稻叶片中活性氧含量增加,表明在菌株混合侵染过程中,非亲和性菌株可通过激发水稻的抗性反应来降低亲和性菌株对水稻的侵染程度。     

Pisolithus tinctorius fails to improve plantation performance of inoculated conifers in southwestern Oregon

Bare-root stock of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, white fir, and grand fir, inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and handled by standard nursery, cold storage and planting practices performed no better than stock which was not intentionally inoculated but which had formed mycorrhizae with indigenous, nursery fungi on a variety of different outplanting sites in southwestern Oregon. Climate, planting sites and nursery practices in the Pacific Northwest differ drastically from those in the southeastern United States, where P. tinctorius has increased plantation survival and growth. Before P. tinctorius can be recommended for nursery inoculation in the Pacific Northwest, its reaction to each phase of the nursery and planting process needs to be carefully analyzed to determine where the problems lie.This article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.     

新银合欢施石灰与根瘤菌接种效应的研究

新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala cv.Salvador)又叫萨尔瓦多银合欢,是热带低地湿润地区树种,在适生条件下非常速生,是优良的多用途树种之一。 在自然条件下,新银合欢在中性和碱性土壤上生长良好,而适于该树生长的热带、亚热带气候区,土壤酸化现象日趋严重。许多国家试用施石灰、施肥、根瘤菌接种以及选种等     

在人工接种和自然感虫情况下美洲黑杨后代对桑天牛抗性的研究

杨树 (Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｐｐ .)是我国主要造林和工业用材树种之一 ,据统计我国杨树人工林面积达 666×1 0 4ｈｍ2 (王世绩 ,1 995 )。但杨树天牛危害十分猖獗 ,其中光肩星天牛 (Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ)和黄斑星天牛 (Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｎｏｂｉ     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza effects on Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea in a fallowed alley cropping system

Nitrogen fixing and non-N₂ fixing legumes such as Gliricidia speium and Senna siamea have been used in alley cropping systems for soil improvement and source of N for food crops. However their establishments could be limited by P and moisture deficiencies in degraded soils. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can help to overcome these deficiencies. We examined the effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus, Glomus deserticola, on the performance of sole hedgerow trees of Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea and their mixtures (interplanted) in a fallowed alley cropping experiment on a degraded Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Percentage root infection by VAM fungi was higher in inoculated plants than in uninoculated ones irrespective of whether they were interplanted or non-interplanted. Inoculation with G. deserticola increased dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake (N. P, Mg and K) but there was no significant interaction between mycorrhizal inoculation and interplanting for growth and nutrient uptake except for the uptake of P, Mg and K in G. sepium. Inoculation with G. deserticola reduced leaf shedding of G. sepium by 50% but did not have the same effect for S. siamea. For both tree species inoculated plants extracted more water from 0–30 cm depth than the uninoculated ones.