果穗曝光对酿酒葡萄果实品质影响的研究进展

影响葡萄果实品质的因素很多,对于特定的葡萄产区,在大气候、小气候、土壤、品种等条件相对一定的前提下,通过改变栽培技术措施来改善果实区域微气候,从而提高果实品质显得尤为重要。简述了果实区域曝光,一项操作简便、高效,且能够实现机械化而备受国内外学者关注的新技术,在提高酿酒葡萄果实品质方面的研究概况,包括对总酚、花色苷、单宁等酚类物质含量、香气成分,尤其是甲氧基吡嗪类物质含量的影响。此外,就果穗曝光处理在调节葡萄产量、降低果穗紧实度从而减少病害发生率等方面进行了总结。对该技术在中国农村劳动力不断减少,劳动力成本不断攀升,葡萄产业亟需集约化、机械化、简单化的大背景下的应用前景和研究方向进行了简要分析。     

不同小麦品种小麦白粉病发病程度及其田间发生动态分析

【目的】研究新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号和新冬20号小麦白粉病危害程度和田间发生动态,为科学防控小麦白粉病提供理论依据。【方法】采用定期定点调查的方法,系统调查不同品种小麦白粉病发生情况。【结果】新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号小麦白粉病田间发生动态基本一致。新冬60号、新冬57号、新冬40号和新冬20号小麦白粉病病情指数最高分别为8.22、7.11、37.63和25.48。新冬60号和新冬57号小麦白粉病田间发生程度极显著轻于新冬40号和新冬20号,新冬40号小麦白粉病田间危害程度极显著重于新冬20号。【结论】新冬60号和新冬57号小麦白粉病田间危害程度极显著轻于新冬20号,可根据田间发病情况,合理减施农药。新冬40号小麦白粉病田间发生程度极显著重于新冬20号,应加强对小麦白粉病的预防。     

青海高原禾草内生真菌资源的调查和分离

青海高原的高寒特性决定其生境内禾草植物的多样性和特异性,然而有关青海高原地区禾草内生真菌的研究报道较少,本研究对青海高原地区48个样点内禾草植物内生真菌带菌率和内生真菌分离进行了研究.结果表明,14种禾本科植物内生真菌平均感染率低于50％,而12种植物内生真菌平均感染率大于50％.其中,缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)、微药羊茅(F.nitidula)、毛稃羊茅(F.kiritowii)和紫羊茅(F.rubra) 的平均带菌率均超过80％.同时,同属禾草植物内生真菌带菌率存在差异.禾草内生真菌分离率较低,其中紫花针茅、麦宾草(El ymus tangutorum)、光稃早熟禾(P.psiolepis)和异针茅(S.aliena)内生真菌在菌落和分生孢子形态上存在差异.可见,青海高原禾草内生真菌带菌率较高,同时不同禾草内生真菌可能存在多样性.     

毛竹枯梢病普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

通过对毛竹林自然发病情况连续3年的调查，获得了218组毛竹枯梢病普遍率和严重度问对应关系（I-S关系）的数据，在计算机上分析了其I-S间的关系。结果表明：毛竹枯梢病的I-S关系可用指数函数描述，病害逐年流行动态对I-S关系没有明显的影响，但寄主毛竹的抗病性和环境因子对病害的I-S关系有一定的影响。     

基于多指标区间数关联分析的相对隶属度方法

针对具有区间数的多指标决策问题,借鉴一种逼近于理想点(TOPS IS)分析方法的思想,采用区间数灰色关联度的计算方法,对正、负关联度,利用相对隶属度方法对多方案进行排序,给出了解决区间数多指标决策问题的计算步骤.本文将整个评价方案看作一个整体来寻求正、负理想方案,该方法避免了区间数难以排序的问题,具有可理解性和可操作性.最后给出实例以验证该方法的有效性和实用性.     

Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

一类具有饱和发生率的虫媒传染病模型研究

考虑虫媒传染病具有潜伏期的特征,研究了一类具有饱和发生率的时滞传染病模型的动力学行为,确定了疾病是否流行的阈值R_0.当R_01时,无病平衡点全局渐近稳定,疾病将最终灭绝;当R_01时,唯一地方病平衡点条件稳定,系统会产生Hopf分支.     

Response of in vitro obtained oil palm and interspecific OxG hybrids to inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora

Bud rot (BR) disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is the most devastating disease in oil palm cultivation in America. Oil palms that survived BR epidemics were found in areas highly devastated by the disease; these palms were introduced into Cenipalma's in vitro micropropagation (cloning programme). A severity scale was developed for in vitro palms from five ortets inoculated with two different P. palmivora isolates. Then, eight ortets of Elaeis guineensis and two ortets of the OxG interspecific hybrid were evaluated in two inoculation trials under chamber growth conditions. The clone performance response was consistent with that reported in the field for the corresponding ortets, and two contrasting ortets, one susceptible (ortet 57) and one resistant (ortet 34) were identified. We monitored and compared defence responses to P. palmivora in the contrasting ortets. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after inoculation with the pathogen was observed, with higher accumulation of H₂O₂ in the resistant plants. Catalase (CAT) activity in resistant plants increased after inoculation with the pathogen from 24 hr post‐infection (hpi) and remained high during the observation time. In the susceptible ortets, there was a significant increase on catalase activity only at 48 hpi. Peroxidase (POS) activity increased in clones from both susceptible and resistant ortets, but the increase was much greater in the susceptible ones. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased in response to inoculation, and these increases were greater in clones of the susceptible ortet than in clones of the resistant ortet.     

碱性肥料对香蕉枯萎病发生及土壤微生物群落的影响

【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。