甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状的相关分析

为研究甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状间的相关关系,以649个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析。结果表明:甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度平均为45.67 cm,变幅范围为(28.00~66.65 cm),且长主花序材料很少;主花序长度的变异系数较小,遗传力较高,不易受坏境条件的影响,适合早代选择;主花序长度与株高(r=0.8262)、主花序角果数(r=0.7804)、单株角果数(r=0.7466)、一次分枝数(r=0.4680)、主花序角果长度(r=0.3164)、角粒数(r=0.2322)均呈极显著正相关,主花序长度与有效分枝位及千粒重呈不显著正相关,单株产量与单株角果数、主花序角果数、主花序长度、株高、一次分枝数均呈极显著正相关,主花序角果长度与角粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;利用相关性分析可知,选育长主花序的材料,能有效提高株高、主花序角果数、单株角果数、一次分枝数、主花序角果长度、角粒数,从而达到提高油菜产量的目的。结合当前直播或机播油菜高密植生产要求,应当选育主序长、主花序角果数多、角果较长、单株产量高的材料。     

冬枣极早期幼胚培养成苗技术研究

 以胚龄15 ~ 20 d的球形期后期‘冬枣’幼胚为试材，对培养基种类、种皮保留与否、接种方式、生长调节剂种类、水解乳蛋白（LH）和活性炭（AC）用量、蔗糖浓度等影响极早期幼胚培养的诸因素进行了系统研究。结果表明，采用MS + 3.0 mg ? L-1 IAA + 0.5 mg ? L-1 6- BA + 1 g ? L-1 AC + 0.8 g ? L-1 LH + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖的培养基，去除种皮后将带有胚乳的幼胚合点端接入培养基，在21 ℃下进行培养，胚萌发率和正常胚比率最高可分别达到93%和84%。萌发后的幼胚在MS + IBA 0.4 mg ? L-1的培养基中继续培养，生根率可达40%。其中，去除种皮带胚乳培养和幼胚合点端朝下接种对极早期幼胚的培养至关重要。     

Methodology for creating alloplasmic soybean lines by using Glycine tomentella as a maternal parent

Soybean breeders have not exploited the diversity of the 26 wild perennial species of the subgenus Glycine Willd. that are distantly related to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and harbour useful genes. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for introgressing cytoplasmic and genetic diversity from Glycine tomentella PI 441001 (2n = 78) into cultivated soybean using ‘Dwight’ (2n = 40) as the male parent. Immature seeds (19–21 days post‐pollination) were cultured in vitro to produce F₁ plants (2n = 59). Amphidiploid (2n = 118) plants, induced by colchicine treatment, were vigorous and produced mature pods and seeds after backcrossing with ‘Dwight’. The BC₁ plants (2n = 79) produced mature seeds in crosses with ‘Dwight’. Chromosome numbers in BC₂F₁ plants ranged from 2n = 41–50. From BC₂F₂ to BC₃F₁, the number of plants in parentheses with 2n = 40 (275), 2n = 41 (208), 2n = 42 (80), 2n = 43 (27), 2n = 44 (12) and 2n = 45 (3) were identified. Fertile lines were grown in the field during 2012 and 2013. This is the first report of the successful development of new alloplasmic soybean lines with cytoplasm from G. tomentella.     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.     

AgNO3处理下银杏幼胚愈伤组织的形成和激素变化

采用石蜡切片技术和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),以银杏幼胚为外植体,添加0,1和5 mg/L AgNO3作处理,观察21 d内愈伤组织的形成过程,测定内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、保幼激素类似物(ZR)、赤霉素(GA)和脱落酸(ABA)的变化,分析AgNO3对银杏幼胚愈伤组织分化潜能的影响。结果表明:根据解剖结构愈伤形成可分为4个阶段。第1阶段(0~7 d),IAA升高,ABA降低,表皮细胞启动脱分化。第2阶段(≥7~11 d),4种激素浓度均升高,愈伤组织和细胞团初步形成。第3阶段(≥11~16 d),GA、ABA大幅降低,细胞团大量形成。第4阶段(≥16~21 d),ABA骤降、GA迅速上升,愈伤组织和细胞团增殖。1 mg/L AgNO3处理下分生细胞团种类最多,其次为5mg/L处理,0 mg/L处理最少。研究认为,银杏幼胚愈伤组织具有较强的分化潜能,AgNO3能影响其内源激素的平衡,调控分化方向。     

GMP玻璃化冷冻未成熟牛卵母细胞核成熟及冷冻损伤试验

本试验通过荧光染色的方法建立了未成熟牛卵母细胞在体外培养过程中第1次减数分裂的各个阶段的参考判定图谱;根据这个标准来观察毛细玻璃管(GMP)玻璃化冷冻对卵母细胞核成熟和冷冻损伤的影响。结果表明,从屠宰场废弃的卵巢表面卵泡内抽取的COCs,70%处于生发泡期,12.5%生发泡开始破裂,7.5%已开始浓缩,这说明从屠宰场获得的COCs有较高的异质性;卵母细胞在成熟培养22h时收获排出第一极体的卵母细胞,可得到丰度较高的极体-胞质染色体对称、紧密相邻的成熟卵母细胞;GMP玻璃化冷冻损伤主要有2种表现形式,首先,直接影响膜结构的完整性,包括细胞膜和核膜,这可从退化的细胞比例看出(8～24h,有21.9%～27.2%的细胞处于该阶段),其次,影响CONDENSED向MⅠ期的过渡,这可从处于CONDENSED卵母细胞的比例看出(8～24h,有24.1%～34.3%的细胞处于该阶段)。     

玉米秸杆降解菌筛选鉴定及其盆栽试验对生土性能影响

从山西地区林地土壤中筛选得到纤维素降解菌X-7,固氮菌N-8,经16S r DNA序列比对,X-7和N-8分别属于坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。菌株X-7在50℃时活性最高,对玉米秸秆降解率为62.9%,滤纸酶活力和CMC降解酶活力最大分别为90.78和168.54 IU·m L-1。发酵液p H与纤维素酶活性有一定相关性,纤维素酶高活性主要集中在发酵液p H 8.8~9.0。固氮菌N-8固氮能力为45 mg·L-1。为评估两株菌在山西干旱气候下对生土种植性能影响,作盆栽紫花苜蓿试验。结果表明,生土中添加玉米秸秆和纤维素降解菌X-7及固氮菌N-8显著提高生土抗旱能力及苜蓿平均株重和株高。菌株X-7在生土中可有效定殖并提高生土中纤维素降解菌数量1~2个数量级,可为山西地区黄土母质生土改良沃化提供参考。     

甘蔗花芽分化及花序发育过程的石蜡切片显微观察与分析

常规杂交是甘蔗遗传改良的主要手段,开花诱导是亲本杂交的关键。花芽分化和花序发育对甘蔗开花至关重要,但目前笔者们对这一过程还缺少必要的了解。本研究以当前甘蔗主栽品种粤糖93-159为材料,对其茎尖分生区花芽分化及花序发育过程进行石蜡切片显微观察。结果显示,甘蔗开花过程可明显划分为6个阶段:营养生长阶段——甘蔗分生区维持营养生长;花芽分化阶段——生长锥分生区膨大,产生花序分生组织;枝梗分化阶段——分生区周围的褶皱分化产生一次、二次枝梗分生组织;小穗/小花原基分化阶段——沿枝梗产生的小穗分生组织分化出2朵小花分生组织;花器官分化阶段——小花分生组织分化形成典型花器官;成熟阶段——抽穗开花,可以授粉。此结果揭示了甘蔗花发育分化过程中的组织形态变化,可为甘蔗开花机理的深入研究提供参考。