我国黄瓜抗病品种选育技术研究进展

黄瓜在我国蔬菜产业中占有重要地位,然而连片种植、重茬栽培等条件下容易滋生病菌,尤其是随着我国保护地蔬菜生产规模的扩大,棚室内的温湿度条件更利于病害的发生与流行,黄瓜生产上面临着严重的病虫害威胁,包括生理性病害、感染性病害及虫害等。本文从抗病品种选育的角度分析了黄瓜病害抗病品种选育技术,并简要介绍了其他防治方法,展望了相关研究的发展方向,为黄瓜病虫害的防治提供参考。     

天然植物生长调节剂芸苔素的生物活性及应用浅析

天然芸苔素属于甾体类植物内源生物活性物质,其骨架为甾醇,其中芸苔素内酯生物活性最强,被称为第六类植物激素,是高效、广谱、无毒的植物生长调节剂(PGR)。为更好地将芸苔素推广应用于农业生产,本文概括了芸苔素内酯的生物活性及在粮食、果蔬等作物上的应用。探讨了芸苔素内酯在提高种子活力,促进作物生长,大幅度促进产量提升以及品质改善,提升作物抗逆性,缓解农药对作物影响的研究概况及取得的进展,指出了芸苔素内酯的应用是作物增产增收的关键途径,同时,能够减少化肥、农药的施用量,减少作物种植成本与减轻环境污染,将带来显著的经济效益。     

玉米根系对玉米抗倒伏性影响的研究进展

【目的】研究玉米根系对玉米抗倒伏性的影响，为筛选出抗倒伏性优良、产量高的玉米品种提供理论依据。【方法】本文通过国内外玉米根系对玉米抗倒伏性的影响研究专题进行了归纳总结，从玉米根系的三维图像构建、生长发育质量、延伸形态、抗倒伏指标和遗传性状，对影响玉米抗倒伏重要因素之一的根系性状进行系统的综述。【结果】随着技术的进步构建玉米根系三维模型正逐步应用到实际操作当中，为研究人员提供便利；玉米初生根、次生根、气生根生长发育优良的品种，极大提升了玉米抗倒伏性；横展型根系是玉米理想的抗倒伏根系延伸形态；根干重、根系开张角度、入土次生根条数、根体积、根直径、根层数是大多数学者选用的根系抗倒伏指标；目前常用QTL与GWAS技术对根系基因进行分析，定位了初生根直径、初生根长度、总根长、根尖数等一些根系相关的QTL，筛选出气生根直径、气生根角度等气生根性状相关联的SNP位点。【结论】明确玉米抗倒伏根系的优良性状并用现有的技术对其加强表达，是增产的重要手段。     

小麦山农4143抗黑胚病遗传分析及抗性遗传位点检测

 黑胚病是小麦生产的重要籽粒病害,麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)是黑胚病的主要致病菌。为分析小麦抗黑胚病遗传规律并检测抗性位点,本研究以抗黑胚病小麦品系山农4143与感病品系宛原白1号的F₇代重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,于2018~2019年在3个试验点种植,采用“孢子液喷洒、套袋保湿”的方法进行接菌鉴定,用“主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型”进行遗传分析,并挑选极端抗、感自交系构建混池、结合小麦660K SNP芯片进行混合分组分析(BSA)。研究结果显示小麦品系山农4143对黑胚病抗性符合“4对主基因加性-上位性遗传模型”,主基因遗传力为0.88~0.95;通过BSA检测到黑胚病抗性位点36个,分别位于1A、2B(6)、2D(2)、3A、3B(2)、3D、4A(6)、4D、5A(4)、5B(6)、5D(3)、7A、7B和7D共14条染色体上,A、B、D染色组上分别为13、 15和8个,36个位点中有18个为抗黑胚病新鉴定位点。本研究结果为小麦抗黑胚病位点的精细定位和抗性育种中分子标记的开发奠定了基础。     

Australian Uromyces viciae-fabae: Host and nonhost interaction among cultivated grain legumes

Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.     

Molecular identification of blast resistance genes in rice landraces from northeastern India

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases causing huge losses worldwide. In the present study, major blast resistance genes were investigated in landraces originating from northeastern India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 288 landraces were classified into three distinct groups: resistant (75), moderately resistant (127) and susceptible (86). The genetic frequencies of the 18 major blast resistance genes were between 6.2% and 27.4%, with only two genotypes possessing a maximum of nine blast resistance genes. The cluster and population structure analysis grouped the landraces into two groups. Through principal coordinate analysis, the scatter plots partitioned the resistant and moderately resistant landraces into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (96%) diversity within populations and least (4%) diversity between populations. Association analysis identified six markers, CRG4_2, RM72, tk59-2, pi21_79-3, RM1233 and RM6648, that are significantly associated with blast disease and explained a phenotypic variance of 1.1–6.5%. The associated genes could be used in marker-assisted rice breeding programmes for gene pyramiding to develop rice varietal resistance against blast disease. The present study represents a valuable blast resistance genetic resource that could be used for identification of new R genes, donors for blast resistance, and genomic studies.     

转TaDREB3a基因大豆抗旱筛选鉴定

研究利用转TaDREB3a基因株系T4代大豆植株与野生型植株开展PEG模拟干旱处理和PCR鉴定,获得5个阳性TaDREB3a过表达株系。于苗期和花期分别干旱处理,根据表型及相对含水量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量等生理指标,利用抗旱隶属函数值对5个转基因株系划分抗旱级别,同时分析株高、根长、荚数、粒数等农艺性状差异显著性。结果表明,大豆株系花期极其敏感,不适合在花期鉴定抗旱性,苗期适合抗旱材料鉴定;通过各生理指标与抗旱级别划分以及相关农艺性状显著性分析,最终确定株系HL16-16-6、HL16-17-1为高抗品系,为抗旱材料鉴定及抗旱品种培育奠定理论基础。     

油茶籽中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性及其含量分析

[目的]研究前处理对油茶籽的抗氧化性影响。[方法]采用红外加热对油茶籽进行不同时间与温度的处理,并测定处理前后油茶籽和油茶籽仁中美拉德反应产物含量及其抗氧化性。[结果]研究发现随加热时间的延长,美拉德反应产物5-羟甲基糠醛、丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的生成量逐渐增多;在150℃下反应120 min后,油茶籽中5-羟甲基糠醛、丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的含量分别为10.929、34.620、11.054和36.627μg·g~(-1),油茶籽仁中其含量分别为16.950、55.217、20.216和72.390μg·g~(-1),后者分别是前者的1.55、1.59、1.8和1.97倍,说明美拉德反应主要在油茶籽仁中发生。对美拉德反应产物氧化活性的测试数据表明,油茶籽中的美拉德反应产物均具有抗氧化活性,在150℃下反应120 min时,油茶籽仁和油茶籽清除DPPH自由基与抗氧化活性均达到最高,前者分别为99.18%和81.47%,后者分别为97.44%和74.97%。[结论]比较发生美拉德反应的油茶籽仁与油茶籽的DPPH清除率与抗氧化活性发现,油茶籽仁抗氧化活性强于油茶籽抗氧化活性。     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。