黄鳍棘鲷标志放流群体的规格适宜性评价

合理选取标志放流鱼的规格是成功监测放流鱼类动态及评估增殖效果的关键步骤。本研究以黄鳍棘鲷为对象,通过2个实验评价标志鱼的适宜规格。实验1对比了4种体长的黄鳍棘鲷(平均体长5、7、11和14 cm)作T型标志后其生长、存活和标志保留情况,并利用逻辑斯蒂回归模型分别分析标志鱼存活率和标志保留率的规格特异性;实验2模拟了不同混合比例下2种体长黄鳍棘鲷标志鱼与不标志鱼的捕捞情况,并利用重抽样方法对捕捞结果作计算机重抽样,分析2种鱼能否充分混合以及标志鱼的规格、比例对捕捞结果的影响。结果显示:(1)7、11和14 cm标志组的特定生长率与对照组无显著差异;(2)标志鱼的存活率随体长的增加而增加(5 cm标志组的鱼在标志后7 d内全部死亡,7、11和14 cm标志组的存活率分别为77.5%、92.5%和100.0%)。标志鱼的存活率与初始体长的逻辑斯蒂回归关系式为P=exp(0.099X-6.900)/[1+exp(0.099X-6.900)];(3)各组的标志保留率较高(7、11和14 cm标志组的标志保留率分别为97.5%、100.0%和100.0%),但与体长无明显关系;(4)模拟捕捞结果与计算机重抽样结果无显著差异,二者均不受鱼体规格的影响,但受标志鱼比例的影响极显著,标志鱼比例越高,其捕获率也越高。综上,建议今后采用T型标志方法开展增殖放流品种(如黄鳍棘鲷)的相关研究时,应综合考虑成本和可接受的误差范围以选择符合研究目的的标志鱼规格,若需标志鱼的存活率高于50.0%,则体长至少为7 cm,高于75.0%则体长至少为8 cm,高于95.0%则体长至少为10 cm。此外,在成本允许的条件下,建议尽可能增加放流鱼类中标志鱼的比例以提高增殖效果评估的代表性,而具体适宜的比例值得深入研究。     

涌泉根灌不同浓度肥液入渗特性及土壤湿润体模型研究

为了研究涌泉根灌肥液入渗特性及湿润体水氮运移的变化规律,在陕北米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地原状土上进行了涌泉根灌肥液入渗试验。结果表明:累积入渗量与入渗时间之间符合Kostiakov幂函数关系(R20.9,P0.01);涌泉根灌入渗能力与增渗效果均随肥液浓度增大而增大;水平湿润锋与竖直湿润锋运移距离均随肥液浓度增大而增大,且均与入渗时间呈显著的幂函数关系,水平方向和竖直方向的湿润锋运移距离的拟合值与实测值的相对误差在–3.84%～5.20%以内。肥液浓度的不同对于湿润体大小略有影响。提出了涌泉根灌肥液入渗湿润体内土壤含水率和NH_4~+-N浓度分布的数学模型,即在一定浓度范围内,单位含水率的变化可引起的肥液浓度变化,且模型的计算精度较高(模拟值与实测值相对误差在10%以内),并符合湿润体内土壤含水率和NH_4~+-N分布规律,可对不同位置处土壤含水率及NH_4~+-N含量进行估算。水分分布情况对肥液浓度条件敏感性较低,NH_4~+-N分布情况对肥液浓度条件敏感性较高。研究可为涌泉根灌水肥高效利用提供参考。     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

玉米收获机聚氨酯橡胶筛筛分性能仿真与试验

为降低玉米贯流式风筛加工成本、加工难度以及提高筛面物料的分散程度,采用新型聚氨酯橡胶筛代替金属筛,试验测得筛面上各颗粒相与聚氨酯橡胶间的静摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数等物理参数,并推导出聚氨酯橡胶的剪切模量。利用EDEM建立筛板上的各颗粒相模型,通过CFD-DEM耦合方式对聚氨酯橡胶筛上不同区域的颗粒相数量进行数值模拟分析。聚氨酯橡胶筛的仿真结果表明,相同时间聚氨酯橡胶筛上颗粒相的分散度大于金属筛上颗粒相的分散度,证明聚氨酯橡胶筛更有利于物料的分散,进而提高筛面的使用效率。当喂入量为5 kg/s,玉米清选装置入口风速为12 m/s时,清选装置清选损失率为1.93%,达到玉米收获机国家标准和行业标准要求,聚氨酯橡胶筛使籽粒清洁率达到95.3%,相对于金属筛提高了16.33个百分点。     

Fishmeal replacement by soybean,rapeseed and cottonseed meals in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂ (initial body weight, 8.63 ± 0.24 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (FM60) containing 600 g/kg FM and four other diets (FM45, FM30, FM15 and FM0 containing 450, 300, 150 and 0 g/kg FM, respectively) where protein from FM was substituted by a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM. Fish fed FM0 and FM15 had poorer growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid and gross energy, and fed FM0 had poorer hepatosomatic index and survival compared with the fish fed FM60. The whole body lipid in fish fed FM0 was significantly higher than that in fish fed FM60 and FM15. This study indicates that 300 g/kg of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon without compromising growth performance, feed utilization and body composition.     

4LL–1.5Y型联合收割机割台的振动特性

运用有限元软件ANSYS workbench仿真分析4LL–1.5Y型联合收割机割台,得到割台机架前6阶模态频率和模态振型,结果表明,割台在受振动时易产生变形的部位是割台机架的两侧壁和割台机架进口处的底板。利用三轴加速度传感和Co Co–80动态信号测试分析系统,分别测得割台机架关键部位的加速度信号,对比非田间作业试验发动机空转、整机运转(不行走)分别在怠速(700 r/min)、中速(1 200 r/min)、高速(1 800 r/min)和田间作业不同工况下各方向的加速度,各测点水平方向加速度是其他2方向的2~4倍,表明割台的振动主要以水平方向振动为主,其中倾斜输送器受振动比较严重,加速度最大值高达97.28 m/s2。对比有限元分析与振动试验结果发现,对割台振动影响较大的激励频率(20、22 Hz)几乎都出现在割台机架的模态频率(18.679 Hz)附近。     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the activity of the digestive enzyme of albino and normal Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

We evaluated the effects of different proportions of dietary protein (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% protein) on the activity of digestive enzymes of normal and albino Apostichopus japonicus. The experimental diets were fed for 60 days, the optimal conditions for digestive enzyme activity in sea cucumbers were studied. The optimal temperature for protease was 29.3°C and the optimal pH was 1.8. The optimal temperature for amylase was 34.3°C and the optimal pH was 6.7. The optimal temperature for cellulase was 56°C and the optimal pH was 5.9. The activity of intestinal protease increased at first and then decreased as the proportion of dietary protein increased, reaching the maximum when the proportion of protein was 19.7%. The activity of protease in the intestine of normal sea cucumber was significantly lower than that of albino sea cucumber, and the activity of amylase was significantly higher than that of albino sea cucumber. This study is expected to provide a basis for further explaining the ecological difference of albino and normal A. japonicus.     

哈维氏弧菌RT-LAMP检测方法建立与应用

哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)是引起海南省后水湾深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)"烂身病"的主要病原菌。为了能够快速诊断该病原菌,急需建立一种耗时短、准确以及便捷的检测方法。本研究利用分离到的致病菌株QT520的ToxR基因序列设计特异性引物和加入SYTO-9特异荧光染料,建立了一种可以实时、快速检测哈维氏弧菌的LAMP法(RT-LAMP)。该方法对哈维氏弧菌的基因组DNA及菌液灵敏度分别为100 fg/μL和10~3 cfu/mL,与Real-time PCR法检测灵敏度相当,比普通PCR的检测灵敏度要分别高1000倍和10倍,能有效区分哈维氏弧菌与坎氏弧菌(Vibrio campbellii);可以实时观察检测结果,且检测时间只需要40 min;具有耗时短、特异性和灵敏度高、仪器便携、操作简单且能实时观察检测结果等优点,非常适合在生产现场进行哈维氏弧菌的检测。     

First record of infection by Trypanosoma sp. of Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalmidae), a neotropical fish cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon

Fish farming has grown rapidly in Brazil over the last two decades, due in part to the availability of water and species with potential for cultivation, such as Colossoma macropomum. This farmed fish, however, can be affected by parasitic infections with high mortality rates (>35%). The main objective of the present study was to describe the first occurrence of the Trypanosoma species in Colossoma macropomum, which occurred in fish cultured in the Brazilian Amazon region, as well as to morphologically characterize the trypomastigotes and the impact of these hemoparasites on the body condition of the hosts. The trypanosomes found in the blood of Colossoma macropomum were morphologically characterized by the size of the trypomastigote form, indicating the presence of only one morphotype. Of the 39 hosts examined from one fish farming, 41.0% were infected by Trypanosoma sp., with low levels of infection (mean blood density of 3.7/μL). The condition factor of the asymptomatic hosts was not affected by hemoparasitism. There was no correlation between the abundance of Trypanosoma sp. and the condition factor and size of the hosts. Finally, our understanding of host-parasite interactions and the detection of emerging diseases are fundamental for aquaculture.     

Effects of Dietary Digestible Protein and Energy Levels on Growth Performance,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of Juvenile Permit,Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A 9‐wk study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growth performance of juvenile permit, Trachinotus falcatus, growing from approximately 30 to 150 g. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of crude protein (400, 450, and 500 g/kg dry matter [DM]); and three levels of crude lipid (100, 200, and 300 g/kg DM) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Growth rate and feed efficiency were significantly improved with increasing dietary protein levels from 400 to 500 g/kg and with dietary lipid levels from 100 to 200 g/kg. Fish body protein content was positively correlated with dietary ratio of digestible protein (DP) to digestible energy (DE) (P < 0.01, R² = 0.83), while body lipid was negatively correlated with dietary DP/DE (R² = 0.55, P < 0.05) but positively correlated with dietary DE levels (R² = 0.66, P < 0.01). Results showed a protein‐sparing effect, as protein retention was significantly increased by increasing dietary lipid level. In conclusion, the diet containing DP of 392.7 g/kg and DE of 18.8 MJ/kg (DM), corresponding to a DP/DE of 20.9 g/MJ, is suggested as an optimal feed for growth and feed efficiency in juvenile permit.