Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

基于云计算的食品有毒有害物质检验检测大数据的风险分析算法及其应用

基于云计算,结合食品安全检验检测的完备性与最小性原理,将影响食品安全的多维因素降维成平均含量(AVE)、限量标准(STA)、超限率(OUT)、超限程度(OUD)和最大值(MAX)5个因素,并建立食品有毒有害物质检验检测大数据的风险分析算法。利用云计算技术实现对地理上分布广泛、动态、复杂性高的海量数据进行存储,并运用云计算的MapReduce计算框架进行智能的并行数据处理及计算,最后得到风险分析结果。通过对在基于Web端的实验室管理系统采集的1 000 000条检验检测数据结果进行风险分析,得出食品安全指数IFS远小于1,表明消费者人群的食品安全状态良好。     

滑县花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫，对花生造成危害，影响花生的 品质和产量。本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施。     

寄生橡胶树叶上的头孢藻

由头孢藻引起的藻斑病在世界各国热带和亚热带地区的很多植物物种上均有报道。弄清寄生橡胶树叶上寄生藻的种类、为害症状以及不同橡胶树品系和环境对寄生藻发生为害的影响，为橡胶树藻斑病防治提供参考依据。通过田间调查、观察其为害特性症状；采集藻斑病标本，切片显微观察寄生藻在宿主组织内和表面的寄生习性；提取寄生藻的DNA，分析比对其核糖体小亚基基因序列。结合寄生藻的形态和核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)基因序列分析结果，将本研究发现的橡胶树藻类叶斑病原物鉴定为茂盛头孢藻，这是首次在我国大陆橡胶树上发现由该寄生藻引起的橡胶树叶斑病。结果表明，种植于不同坡向、相同品系的橡胶树受害程度不一样，种植在阴坡的病害级别要高于阳坡的；同一株橡胶树上层树冠叶受害最轻，下层树冠叶受害最重；相比较而言橡胶树品系云研272较为抗病。     

Effects of Salinity,Commercial Salts,and Water Type on Cultivation of the Cryptophyte Microalgae Rhodomonas salina and the Calanoid Copepod Acartia tonsa

Marine aquaculture facilities positioned far from the sea need access to seawater (SW); hence, commercial salts are often the chosen solution. In marine hatcheries, most fish larvae require live feed (zooplankton) that are in turn fed with microalgae. The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of commercial salts and clarify the potential effects on the cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina and the copepod Acartia tonsa. Three commercial salts were tested, Red Sea Salt (RS), Red Sea – Coral Pro Salt (CP), and Blue Treasure Salt. R. salina was cultured at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 psu resulting in equal growth rates at salinities 20 and 30 in SW and RS mixed with deionized (DI) water. The optimum salinity for R. salina was 29 psu. For A. tonsa eggs, we observed highest hatching success in 30 psu with CP or RS mixed with DI water. The egg hatching success was not affected by salinities 15–40 and optimal hatching was obtained at 27 psu. Results confirm it was possible to use commercial salts for rearing of both R. salina and A. tonsa, widening the application of these species for aquaculture facilities without access to SW.     

深圳坝光银叶树湿地园林木有害生物调查及防控

对坝光银叶树Heritiera littoralis 湿地园开展有害生物调查，收集并鉴定有害生物72 种，其中有害杂草5 种、寄生植物2 种、病害20 种、虫害45 种。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta 和薇甘菊Mikania micrantha 属于外来入侵检疫性有害生物，八点广翅蜡蝉Ricania speculum 在公园内危害严重，对主要有害生物应加强预测预报、及时防治。     

菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入中国的风险分析

从世界分布、主要寄主、经济重要性、传入可能性和风险管理难度5个方面对菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌传入我国的风险进行评估。结果表明,该病菌是特别危险的有害生物。根据分析结果提出了非疫区输入、输出国应严格检疫、进境口岸加严检查等相应的风险管理措施。     

杭州规模化猪场两种通风模式下育肥舍内环境因子的比较分析

【目的】研究两种通风模式下杭州地区规模化猪场舍内环境参数及其分布规律,筛选出适合本地区推广的通风模式。【方法】选取杭州地区具有代表性的横向通风和纵向通风两种通风模式下育肥舍为研究对象,开展了早、中、晚3个不同时间点,进风口、舍中央和排风口3个不同位置的热环境参数、有害气体浓度的监测,持续监测1周。分析不同时间点和舍内不同位置对热环境参数（温度、相对湿度、风速）以及有害气体（氨气（NH₃）和硫化氢（H₂S））浓度的影响,并对两种模式下的热环境参数及有害气体浓度进行比较分析;采用空气沉淀法收集舍内环境中的细菌,并对细菌进行培养及统计分析,比较两种模式下育肥舍中细菌数量差异。【结果】两种通风模式下育肥舍相对湿度均低于国家标准,位置和各时间点对相对湿度影响不大,其中纵向通风舍内的相对湿度显著高于横向通风模式（P<0.05）。两种通风模式舍内平均温度没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,舍内中午温度显著高于早、晚（P<0.05）,位置对纵向通风舍内温度影响较大。纵向通风舍内平均风速为（1.09±0.42） m/s,符合国家标准且极显著高于横向通风模式（P<0.01）,风速受舍内位置的影响,各时间点对其影响不大。两种通风模式下猪舍空气环境中有害气体浓度均在国家标准范围内,但纵向通风舍内NH₃和H₂S浓度均显著低于横向通风模式（P<0.05）,各时间点H₂S、NH₃浓度差异均不显著（P>0.05）,舍内不同位置对有害气体浓度分布影响较大,进风口位置有害气体浓度显著低于舍中央位置和排风口位置（P<0.05）。纵向通风舍内空气中细菌总数符合国家标准且显著低于横向通风模式（P<0.05）。【结论】纵向通风模式下育肥舍内的总体环境优于横向通风模式,在本区域生产应用中,育肥舍的设计倾向于推广纵向通风模式。     

栗山天牛的风险分析和风险管理

根据栗山天牛的生物学特性,采用国际植物检疫措施实施标准（ISPM）的有害生物风险分析（PRA）方法,建立栗山天牛风险分析评估厝型。结果表明,栗山天牛属于高风险有害生物,有迅速扩散的较大风险,因此提出相应的风险管理措施。     

异色瓢虫对胡萝卜微管蚜防治潜能评价

为明确异色瓢虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的防治效果潜能,本试验以芹菜为寄主植物,研究了异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对胡萝卜微管蚜捕食功能反应和不同益害比的控害效果.结果表明胡萝卜微管蚜密度为40、80、120(头)时,异色瓢虫的捕食量成增大趋势且各组之间有显著性差异,当胡萝卜微管蚜的密度为160、200、240(头)时瓢虫的捕食量各组间无显著性差异.4龄异色瓢虫幼虫的取食量受胡萝卜微管蚜密度影响显著,且捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型反应模型.4龄异色瓢虫幼虫的瞬时攻击率a'为1.1862,取食1头胡萝卜微管蚜所需时间(即处置时间Th)为0.004,4龄异色瓢虫幼虫对胡萝卜微管蚜的最大捕食量为210.9头,瓢虫对蚜虫的搜索效应S=1+0.00474 N.益害比试验中得出4龄异色瓢虫幼虫对胡萝卜微管蚜捕食量符合二次回归方程,二次回归方程显示当胡萝卜微管蚜密度均为500时,随着异色瓢虫数量的增加,其捕食量成先增大后减少趋势,根据公式其最大捕食量为186.26,最佳益害比例为1∶83.本试验对利用异色瓢虫防治胡萝卜微管蚜具有一定的指导意义,以期为无公害芹菜种植提供有效的生物防治对策.