Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

肉桂提取物处理对‘红阳’猕猴桃果实耐贮性的影响

为了探讨肉桂提取物对猕猴桃耐贮性的影响,以促进其产业健康、可持续的发展,以湖南湘西‘红阳’猕猴桃为试材,果实经肉桂提取物、Vc及其混合物处理后在15℃的冷库进行贮藏。结果表明,在果实贮藏70 d时,混合物处理组的果实好果率相对于CK组提高了51.22%、失水率减少了4.04%,糖度和可溶性固形物分别增加31.16%和11.18%,Vc提高了52.53%;同时处理组相对于CK组淀粉酶和果胶酶(PG)的活性得到了抑制,从而抑制了淀粉及果胶等大分子的分解;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性得到了加强,从而加快了果实体内氧自由基、羟自由基等小分子的清除;同样经处理后果实呼吸作用以及乙烯释放量均有所降低,且上述均具有极显著性差异(P0.01)。总体上,在3个阳性处理组和1个阴性CK对照中,混合物组对果实耐贮性的效果最好,肉桂提取物作为一种新型植物源保鲜剂为猕猴桃果实长期高效、绿色、环保贮藏提供了方向并且具有一定实际意义。     

Using Moringa oleifera extract as biostimulant enhancing the growth,yield and nutrients accumulation of pea plants

Trials on the potentials of moringa for organic farming have shown that leaves contain substances, which when sprayed on crops enhance growth and yield of crops. Moringa is nutrient-rich plant with combination of antioxidants, amino acids, nutrients, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and vitamins. A field experiment was conducted on a sandy soil conditions at Salhia El-gdida county, El-Sharkia Government, Egypt during the growth seasons of 2014/2015 to study the effect of moringa leaves extract (MLE) at different rates on yield and nutrient accumulation of pea plants (pisum sativum L.). Foliar spraying of MLE was done in three equal doses at 25, 35 and 45 after planting at a rate of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. All treatments of MLE significantly increased fresh pods yield, shoot and seeds dry weight, biological yield, 100 seed weight, yield efficiency, protein content and nutrient accumulation as compared to control. The highest values of photosynthetic pigments, growth parameters and nutrient accumulation of plants were obtained with 4% of MLE. Also, the highest percentage increase in fresh pods yield and protein content of 82.5% and 45%, respectively, was recorded from the treatment of 4% MLE.     

魔芋白绢病病原菌生物学特性及中药提取物药物筛选

采集陕南的魔芋白绢病发病组织进行病原菌分离,对分离菌株进行魔芋组织和植株的致病性验证,并经形态特征和ITS rDNA鉴定为半知菌亚门真菌齐整小核菌(Athelia rolfsii),该菌生长温度为10~37℃,最适温度为30℃,pH 4.0~10.0,最佳pH为7.0。厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、胡椒碱、蛇床子4种中药提取物对白绢病菌丝和菌核均有抑制作用,其中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的抑制效果最好,对菌丝抑制率达100%。研究结果为魔芋白绢病的生物防治提供了一种新途径。     

超滤-反渗透组合膜分离偶联真空浓缩鸡骨素中试

该研究以鸡骨素为原料,中试条件下对比分析了真空浓缩与2种膜组合偶联真空浓缩工艺的优劣。通过测定真空浓缩工艺的浓缩速率和水分去除率,微滤-反渗透和超滤-反渗透组合膜的膜通量、物料损失率、干物质损失率和蛋白损失率,研发了梯度膜分离与真空浓缩偶联的新型骨素浓缩工艺并进行了中试研究。结果显示:真空浓缩前期60 min内可溶性固形物含量升高缓慢,浓缩速率低,耗能大;微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜分离的物料损失率为0.5%、6.25%、4%、7.1%,干物质损失率为1.6%、19.4%、22.4%、20%,蛋白质损失率分别为35.8%、25.7%、22%、16%,膜通量衰减速率与膜孔径呈现负相关;膜组合结果表明超滤-反渗透膜组合能够提高反渗透膜通量,显著减少物料损失和干物质损失(P0.01)。中试结果表明,超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩工艺耗时110 min,耗资27.85元,耗煤11.018 8 kg,污染气体SO2和NOx的排放量分别为0.010 1 kg和0.014 6 kg。超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩新型工艺缩短了浓缩时间,降低了生产成本,污染气体的排放显著(P0.01)减少,一定程度上实现了节能减排,可以作为一种新型工艺用于鸡骨素浓缩生产。     

Effects of Panax ginseng extract in practical diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on growth performance,immune response and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri

In a preliminary in vitro study, a Panax ginseng extract exhibited an evident antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri and Lactococcus garvieae and affected the respiratory burst and proliferation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocytes. Subsequently, the effects of a dietary ginseng extract supplementation on growth, blood biochemical profile, innate immune response and resistance against Y. ruckeri infection were investigated in vivo in rainbow trout juveniles. Four experimental diets were obtained by adding 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% of ginseng ethanolic extract to a commercial feed. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (mean body weight 30.5 ± 0.15 g) at 1% of body weight day^?1 for 10 weeks. The dietary supplementation with ginseng extract did not affect growth performance, feed utilization, biometric traits and fish whole body composition (P > 0.05). No major changes due to graded levels of ginseng extract in the diet were observed in blood biochemical parameters except for increasing plasma triglycerides and non‐esterified fatty acids in fish fed diets including 0.01% and 0.02% of extract (P < 0.05). The innate immune response was barely modulated by the dietary addition of ginseng extract. Serum lysozyme and leukocytes respiratory burst activities were just slightly increased in fish fed all the ginseng extract‐supplemented diets compared with controls, whereas serum antiproteases and leukocyte MPO were not affected (P > 0.05). The dietary administration of ginseng extract induced a reduction in mortality of rainbow trout infected with Y. ruckeri, although no significant differences between treated and control groups were observed (P > 0.05).     

蛴螬提取物对视网膜静脉阻塞兔内皮抑素表达的影响

目的 评价蛴螬提取物对兔视网膜静脉阻塞的治疗作用及其机制。方法 将40只兔随机分为4组：空白组、模型组、复方血栓通组、蛴螬组，每组10只兔20只眼，除空白组外，其余3组均用光化学动力法建立视网膜静脉阻塞（retinal vein occlusion，RVO）动物模型，于给药后1周、3周行FFA检查、HE染色、免疫组化观察内皮抑素表达。结果 FFA检查结果显示：给药后周1周，模型组中央静脉荧光渗漏、出血，复方血栓通组和蛴螬组渗漏、出血较模型组少；给药后3周，模型组渗漏、出血的静脉周围出现无灌注区，复方血栓通组渗漏、出血明显减小，蛴螬组渗漏、出血基本吸收。视网膜切片光镜观察结果显示：蛴螬组视网膜各层结构病理变化均轻于模型组、复方血栓通组。内皮抑素免疫组化结果显示：各造模组内皮抑素表达均下降，蛴螬组表达最强，模型组表达最弱，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 蛴螬提取物能改善视网膜缺血缺氧的状态，促进RVO模型中内皮抑素的表达。     

丙酮溶物对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能影响

天然橡胶中的非胶物质种类和含量影响橡胶的质量和应用性能。本文通过硫化性能、交联密度、耐臭氧老化 性能测试和热重分析研究丙酮溶物含量对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能的影响。结果表明，丙酮溶物可以改善天然橡胶的硫 化性能，提高其交联密度。随着丙酮溶物添加量的增加，天然橡胶的热稳定性、臭氧裂纹显现时间、拉伸强度保持率 逐渐提高并达到最大值。采用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱分析仪（ATR-FTIR）分析了天然橡胶臭氧老化前后分子结构 变化，可知橡胶在臭氧老化后出现了氧化官能团。     

膜荚黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过室内生物测定法,研究了黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感影响。结果表明,黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长均有明显的化感作用,其中根受到的化感抑制大于地上部分,种子萌发阶段受到的化感抑制大于幼苗生长阶段。不同受体的发芽势、最长根长和根冠比受到的化感抑制最强。4种作物的化感敏感性为小麦>板蓝根>大麦>大豆。因此,选择与黄芪轮作、套作的作物时,优先选择大豆和大麦,其次为板蓝根。     

60Co-γ射线和电子束辐照灭菌对葛根提取物抗氧化活性及指纹图谱的影响

为评价⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照灭菌对葛根提取物品质的影响效应及其差异性,采用不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线(0、2.8、5.7、8.3、10.6 kGy)和电子束(0、2.4、5.1、7.7、10.3 kGy)辐照处理葛根提取物,研究辐照对其微生物总数、抗氧化活性及指纹图谱的影响。结果表明,⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照均能有效降低葛根提取物中需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数,随着吸收剂量增大,抑制作用增强。⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照吸收剂量分别为5.7 kGy和5.1 kGy时,葛根提取物均达到《中国药典》所规定的微生物限度标准(需氧菌总数为10³ CFU·g^-1、霉菌和酵母菌总数为10² CFU·g^-1);吸收剂量分别为5.7 kGy和7.7 kGy时,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数均降至10 CFU·g^-1以下。此外,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)与沙门氏菌(Salmonella)均未检出。2种辐照方式均对葛根提取物的DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除率、羟自由基(·OH)清除率以及总还原能力无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照处理葛根提取物特征峰的相似度达到1.0,且相对保留时间的相对标准差(RSD)均小于0.5%,表明2种辐照方式对葛根提取物指纹图谱均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,⁶⁰Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对葛根提取物微生物具有较强的抑制作用,2种辐照方式均不会对葛根提取物的抗氧化活性及指纹图谱产生显著影响,不影响葛根提取物的有效性及质量稳定性。该研究为2种辐照技术,特别是电子束辐照在葛根药材、饮片及其中成药制剂灭菌中的合理应用提供了科学参考。