黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程观察

为明确黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在甘蓝型油菜叶片和茎中的侵染及扩展过程，利用绿色荧光蛋 白（GFP）标记的黑胫病菌株接菌油菜叶片，利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察菌株在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程。结果 表明，接种油菜叶片7 h后，分生孢子萌发并长出芽管；17 h后，芽管侵入气孔；24 h后，分生孢子全部萌发；36 h后萌 发的芽管形成菌丝；120 h后，菌丝在叶片表皮细胞间隙蔓延，并侵入叶肉细胞。13 d后，菌丝侵入茎部皮层组织； 15 d后，菌丝在皮层细胞间隙蔓延，并侵染至茎表皮；21 d后，菌丝侵染至维管组织；23 d后，菌丝侵染至茎韧皮部； 25 d后，茎导管被侵染，并向木质部扩展。本研究发现的L. biglobosa 在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程，可为油菜与黑 胫病菌互作的研究、黑胫病致病机理及防治提供参考。     

广西某食蟹猴规模化养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量监测

为了对广西某规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量情况进行监测,对饮用水和青饲料进行连续抽样监测,按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》和《国家禁用和限用的农药名单》进行检测与评价。结果显示:抽取6份饮用水样检测26项理化指标,有3份不合格,超标率达50.0%,超标指标有浑浊度、肉眼可见物;抽取147份饮用水检测微生物指标,有22份超标,超标率达15.0%,超标微生物指标为细菌总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌;抽取13个品种青饲料48份检测10种禁用农药残留情况,甲胺磷、敌敌畏、乐果、氧化乐果、氰戊菊脂、多菌灵、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、三唑磷、毒死蜱检出率分别为2.1%、0、0、0、0、12.5%、2.1%、12.5%、2.1%、2.1%。说明该规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水存在不合格情况,青饲料检出农药残留。     

冬枣蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术集成应用及效果分析

为有效解决随枣树规模化种植出现的枣树授粉过度依赖激素及病虫防控过度依赖化学农药的双重问题,通过建立示范区开展冬枣蜜蜂授粉与病虫绿色防控集成应用探索,集成了保护蜜蜂和果品安全,提高蜜蜂授粉效率的配套技术。同时,采取田间小区试验研究蜜蜂授粉有效半径及蜜蜂授粉对枣树坐果、果实发育的影响,结果表明,4足框蜂群有效授粉半径为150 m。与常规赤霉素授粉相比,通过蜜蜂授粉畸形果率降低了57.14%;幼果纵茎、纵向周长、单果质量,分别增加2.25 mm、6.72 mm和1.43 g。同时通过蜜蜂授粉可有效改善枣果品质、提高枣果商品率,较赤霉素授粉商品率提高7.1%,市场售价每千克增加1.5元。蜜蜂授粉可有效替代赤霉素授粉,保证枣树坐果,减少枣果畸形,提升枣果品质,增加果农收入。     

Growing media for horticultural bedding plants yield under agriculture organic systems

The aim of this experiment was to test on-farm growing after composting the mixture of following legume plants Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna aterrima with the grass Sorghum bicolor. The treatments were compared to commercial growing medium (CGM) and CGM+NPK to produce bedding plants of lettuce, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. The nutrient contents in CGM and CGM+NPK were higher than the values found in the mixture of the legumes plants with the grass. The pH was higher in the growing media from legume plants as well as the electrical conductivity in the combination CroSor and CajSor. The water retention capacity was higher in the treatments MucSor and CGM. The chemical attributes indicated that CroSor, CajSor, MucSor and CGM+NPK were better than CGM. The growing media from the mixture of legume with grass are an affordable alternative to produce bedding plants of lettuce, broccoli, kale and cabbage under organic agriculture system.     

高粱绿肥种植密度对设施黄瓜根系生长相关因子的影响

以设施黄瓜为研究对象,在黄瓜定植前40 d分别播撒240、120、60 kg/hm~2不同密度高粱种子,并于黄瓜定植前将高粱植株作为绿肥翻入土壤,研究其对黄瓜结果期生长指标、根际土壤养分含量以及细菌群落结构变化的影响,探讨其影响黄瓜生长指标、根际养分含量和菌群结构变化的内在机制。试验结果表明:240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高梁绿肥可显著提高黄瓜根际土壤有机质质量比31.66%、碱解氮质量比8.75%、速效磷质量比13.89%、速效钾质量比16.86%、脲酶活性6.85%,显著提高结果期黄瓜茎粗12.83%、根系数15.81%、根总体积24.11%、叶片总面积11.43%、单株结瓜数10.97%、总产量9.81%;240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高粱绿肥可明显提高黄瓜根际土壤中变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门比例而降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门比例,明显提高鞘脂单胞菌科、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科、中华杆菌科、生丝微菌科比例而降低Gp6科、Gp16科、Gp4科比例。该处理主要通过降低根际土壤绿弯菌门和提高鞘脂单胞菌科、中华杆菌科比例而提高脲酶活性,通过提高厚壁菌门、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科和降低根际土壤酸杆菌门比例而促进碱解氮质量比、速效磷质量比、茎粗、叶片总面积、根系数、根总体积的提高,最终促进黄瓜生长并提高产量。     

道路草花景观对驾驶人员红灯敏感度的影响

近年来,随着对城市道路景观构建的重视,道路绿化、彩化景观愈发优美和引人注目。该文基于152份有效问卷,研究对比分析了3种道路灌-草层的绿化形式(绿篱式、50%草花覆盖式及100%草花覆盖式)对有驾驶经验的受访者红灯敏感度的影响。结果显示,相对于绿篱式道路绿化,草花式道路绿化会造成受访者红灯敏感度降低;女性比男性的红灯敏感度高,但更易受草花干扰;25—45岁年龄段受访者对红灯的敏感度和抗草花干扰能力比18—25岁及45岁以上受访者高;相对于偏好草花式绿化的受访者,偏好绿篱式绿化的受访者有更高的红灯敏感度和抗草花干扰能力。建议应尽量避免在事故易发地段大面积应用颜色艳丽的草花进行道路绿化。     

Public perceptions and attitudes toward green infrastructure on buildings: The case of the metropolitan area of Athens,Greece

As the impact of green space shrinkage in urban centers becomes obvious, local and regional authorities must adopt environmental planning policies that can help create new green areas to ensure a good quality of life for citizens, along with the rehabilitation of the natural environment. One approach is the promotion of green infrastructure on buildings, including multi-dwelling apartment buildings. In order to effectively promote green infrastructure on buildings, it is essential to comprehend public attitudes toward green infrastructure, so that suitable and effective strategies can be implemented by policy makers. In this study, eight hundred respondents were asked to provide their views on green infrastructure on buildings, on construction that should take place on blocks of apartments in order to accommodate green infrastructure and on the related benefits that may arise from creating green spaces on buildings. A structured questionnaire and stratified sampling were used for the interviews, which were conducted with apartment owners in two regional units of Athens. The results showed that most citizens are willing to proceed with the installation of a green roof, trellis or vertical garden, in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the building they live in. Most of the respondents are not familiar with the energy savings that may occur from the installation of a green roof, vertical trellis or garden and wish for a subsidy from the state in order to implement green building solutions. To conclude, the participants in our study are not environmentally aware, since they are not interested in energy conservation but only about the aesthetics of their building; furthermore, they expect to receive financial support from the state in order to make any changes to their home.     

复配抑菌剂对青椒细菌性软腐病防治及保鲜效果研究

为研发适用于青椒细菌性软腐病防治及青椒保鲜的复配抑菌剂,分别研究了ε-聚赖氨酸、乳酸链球菌素、曲酸对细菌性软腐病的抑制效果,基于单因素抑菌试验结果,运用响应面试验优化复配抑菌剂配方,并将所得最佳复配抑菌剂用于青椒保鲜试验。结果表明,复配抑菌剂的最佳配方为:ε-聚赖氨酸161.50 mg/L,曲酸13.34 g/L,乳酸链球菌素181.00 mg/L,其对胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌的实际抑菌率可达95.33%,与预测值95.50%相近。青椒保鲜试验发现,复配抑菌剂能有效维持青椒叶绿素、VC及可溶性固形物含量,降低失重率和抑制相对电导率的上升,有助于维持青椒感官品质。     

绿茶低温负压干燥工艺优化研究

干燥是绿茶品质定型的关键工序之一，为生产优质绿茶，尤其是保留色泽和营养成分，对绿茶的干燥工艺进行了探索。通过比较传统热风干燥和低温负压干燥，发现低温负压的干燥效率平均提高30%，且在内质成分保留方面具有明显优势。分别以干燥时间、叶绿素、水浸出物、氨基酸，儿茶素和茶多酚含量为考察指标，采用多指标正交试验优化绿茶低温负压干燥工艺，结果表明，绿茶最优低温负压干燥条件为干燥温度75 ℃，负压（0.03 MPa）4 min，低温15 min。应用最优工艺加工超微茶粉，与传统工艺超微茶粉比较发现，低温负压干燥技术可有效保留原茶主要品质成分，提高超微茶粉品质。     

中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标的时空变化特征

奶业是关乎国民健康和食品安全的战略性农业产业,本文从社会发展、经济效益、产品生产、资源投入和生态环境5个方面选取28项指标,发展和完善了中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标体系和分级标准。基于该指标体系,利用NUFER-animal模型,定量分析了1990—2017年中国奶业绿色发展指标的时空分布特征,剖析了产业绿色发展的限制因素,阐明了优化途径。结果表明:中国人均奶制品消费量稳步提高,从2.0kg?cap.?1?a?1增加到12.5kg?cap.?1?a?1;奶牛单产水平不断提高,从2.4t?head?1?a?1增加到7.0t?head?1?a?1,种养系统氮素利用效率由8.4%提升至14.4%;单位牛奶的资源投入和环境代价均呈下降趋势,生产单位牛奶的蓝水足迹由0.5 m3?kg?1降低到0.2 m3·kg?1,耕地资源投入量由18.5 m2?kg?1降低到3.3 m2?kg?1;养殖系统氨挥发量指标由21.9 g(N)?kg?1降低到7.0 g(N)?kg?1,但仍远远高于欧美国家水平;牛奶生产和加工成本逐年增加,利润却低于欧美等先进国家的水平。空间特征分析表明:农牧交错带和东部沿海地区产品生产、资源投入和生态环境绿色发展水平相对较高,北方地区牛奶及奶制品的生产、消费水平均高于南方地区。发展种养一体化产业链融合绿色发展技术与模式、构建产销一体化产业链融合绿色发展利益共享机制和形成全产业链质量追踪服务体系与国民消费信任机制是促进中国奶业振兴和绿色发展的有效途径。